Chemical Bonds

Transfer of electrons between oppositely charged ironsCan lead to ion-dipole interactions in water

Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve stability.

stores genetic information 

gel like substance that fills the cell and and keeps the organelles in place

selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration and photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis

buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

protein synthesis

storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances 

localization of genetic material (DNA)

contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins to nutrient processing and uptake

Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions

resistance to phagocytosis

adherence to surfaces 

 attachment to surfaces

bacterial mating 

movement

survival under harsh environmental conditions  

found in the ECM, proteoglycan are  proteins with sugars attached, involved in organizing extracellular matrix

located outside the membrane, this  structure has many parts: fibronectin, proteoglycan (animal cell ECM), and collagen. Changes in this structure can trigger processes inside the cell

 structure connects cells together that are semi-sealed. Desmosomes use proteins and are programed to selectively allow materials

secure cells very tightly, keeps stuff from freely moving around 

structures that connect cells, things can pass through very easily

 located outside the cell membrane, made of cellulose, and helps maintain cell shape

double membrane organelle that has its own DNA and performs photosynthesis

stores water, nutrients, and waste  

channels  found in plant cells that allow for the movement of water and other materials to move between cells

 store food and make pigment 

double membrane enclosing the nucleus; performed by pores; continuous with ER, also known as the nuclear lamina 

non membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli 

 material consisting of DNA and protein; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes 

 membrane enclosing the cell

complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope 

organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion/transportation of cell products

digestive organelle where biomolecules are broken down, hydrolysis reaction 

 organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated 

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by product and then converts it to water  

projections that increase the cells surface area 

reinforces cell shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein, includes…

made of actin, helps maintain cell shape but also aid with movement 

in the middle, anchor organelles to the cell and help maintain a cell’s shape, composed of keratin proteins.

made of tubulin, this hollow shape maintains the shape of the cell. very structural and moves organelles 

composed of ribosomes that perform protein synthesis

attached to nucleus synthesizes lipids (can also help detoxify) 

Vehicle of the cell,  the golgi apparatus packages things into vesicles where vesicles can then transport cellular materials.

gel like substance that fills the cell and and keeps the organelles in place

Sharing of electrons between two atoms with an EN difference of less than 0.5

Sharing of electrons between two atoms with an EN difference of 0.5 or greater

Unlike DNA, RNA has oxygen

DNA provides directions for its own replicationDNA directs the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), and through mRNA, DNA can control protein synthesis, this process is known as gene expressionDNA is double helix polymerDeoxyribose (DNA)--> no oxygen

Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers-- called nucleotides

NOTE: LIPIDS ARE NOT POLYMERS!A process of dehydration occurs to make a fat molecule.Heating can change the chemical composition of an oil/fat. Repeated heating and cooling cycles can denature and change the composition of double bonds. However, only a fraction of fats are effected though.

Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building materials