Conclusions that can be made using a pH scale
Chemical reactions cause a chemical change as they produce new substances with new properties
Acidity which is a chemical property is determined using a pH scale. Acidity is a chemical property because a compound has to be dissolved with water and the compound must decompose and release hydronium ions and hydroxide so we could study the concentration to see if the compound is acidic, basic, or neutral. Essentially, a chemical reaction needs to occur to study this property so its a chemical property
Neutralization is a type of double displacement because the anions of the respective compounds displace each other. In the example shown under neutralization the hydroxide from sodium hydroxide is displaced by the iodine from the hydrofluoric acid; forming sodium iodide and water.
Neutralization is essentially a reaction which produces a neutral substance. Since a neutral solution has an equal concentration of hydroxide and hydronium, bases and acids are combined to form water which is a neutral substance.
Since matter cannot be created or destroyed, the reactants should have the same mass as ps the products of a reaction. Balanced Chemical Equations is how this law is applied. Both sides of the arrow need to have the same number of each type of atom so the mass would be equal on both sides.
Ionic compounds are essentially made of 2 or more ions. When we say atoms (of non-metals) gain electrons to become anions we don't specify where they come from. In ionic compounds, it is specified what atom the electrons are coming from and where they are being transferred. The names of ionic compounds indicate the cation and anion the transfer of electrons is taking place to have a full valence shell; non-metals which need to gain electrons to have full valence shells are combined with metals (which need to lose electrons to become stable) to allow a transfer of electrons so both atoms to can attain a stable octet. For example, the image under ''ions'' shows a diagram for potassium which shows one electron is outside of the atom but the Lewis diagram under ''ionic compounds'' shows where the electrons outside of the brackets are transferred to.

Chemistry
Chemistry is ultimately the study of matter including how it behaves and . Additionally in this unit we talked about how to describe properties and changes using diagrams and nomenclature, and equations.

Nomenclature
(Naming Chemical Compounds)

Naming Polyatomic Ions

There can be many derivatives of polyatomic ion however there is a base polyatomic ion {refer to chemistry reference sheet}
(ending for base is ...ate)
Base + one oxygen (has prefix and suffix per...ate)
Base - one oxygen (ending is -ite)
Base - 2 oxygen (hypo...ite)
*in place of dots place the root of the non-oxygen element

There can be many derivatives of polyatomic ion however there is a base polyatomic ion {refer to chemistry reference sheet}

Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
In ionic compounds, polyatomic ions are used like non-metals and are the anions of the compound since they are negatively charged (except ammonium ion NH₄+)

Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions In ionic compounds, polyatomic ions are used like non-metals and are the anions o

Naming Covalent/Molecular Compounds

Formula -> Name Write appropriate prefix of first element using subscript then chemical name as one word then repeat steps fr

Formula -> Name
Write appropriate prefix of first element using subscript then chemical name as one word then repeat steps from above for 2nd element & add "ide" to the end

Name -> Formula Molecular compounds have prefixes indicating how many of each atom they have and the root tells you the name

Name -> Formula
Molecular compounds have prefixes indicating how many of each atom they have and the root tells you the name of the elements used; find the corresponding symbols used to form the compound and apply subscript according to prefix
(*Note you DO NOT crossover the charges or subscripts)

Naming Ionic Compounds

Formula -> Name
Write metal name + non-metal root + “-ide” gives chemical name
*Note for multivalent elements you must determine the charge by using the process below and checking if both mean the same

Formula -> Name Write metal name + non-metal root + “-ide” gives chemical name *Note for multivalent elements you must determ

Name -> Formula
Write chemical symbols for elements then ionic charges (from P.T) on top and crossover the charge numbers so they become the subscript and simplify these numbers if necessary

Name -> Formula Write chemical symbols for elements then ionic charges (from P.T) on top and crossover the charge numbers so

Naming Acids

Naming Oxyacids
Similar to binary acids, however you omit the "hydro" and begin with the root word of the element (which is not hydrogen or oxygen) and add "ic" then write acid

Naming Oxyacids Similar to binary acids, however you omit the "hydro" and begin with the root word of the element (which is n

*Note
Oxyacids are formed of polyatomic ions which have multiple derivatives and each deravitive has it's own ending "ic" is for acids with the base polyatomic ion

Base + one oxygen (has prefix and suffix per...ic)
Base - one oxygen (ending is -ous)
Base - 2 oxygen (hypo...ous)
*in place of dots place the root of the non-oxygen element

Naming Binary acids

Naming Binary acids

Naming Bases
Naming process is similar to ionic compounds as bases are oftens a cation (metal) plus hydroxide which is an anion

Naming Bases Naming process is similar to ionic compounds as bases are oftens a cation (metal) plus hydroxide which is an ani

Name->Formula
Identify the metal and the hydroxide ion (as the non-metal) then write down their chemical symbols and find their charges and apply crossover method (similar to ionic compounds) and in the subscript include "aq" in brackets to indicate the compound is a base

Formula->Name
As bases are often ionic compounds, you would first write the name of the appropriate metal then you would write hydroxide (it's important to indicate the compound is aqueous or else it's not a base)

Law of Conservation of Mass
The total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction will always equal the product as matter (atoms) can't be created or destroyed meaning they are conserved and rearranged only

Describing Chemical Reactions
Reactants =Substances on the left-side of the arrow you start the reaction with
Products=Substances on the right-side of the arrow which are the chemicals produced during the reaction

Describing Chemical Reactions Reactants =Substances on the left-side of the arrow you start the reaction with Products=Substa

Chemical Equations
Chemical symbols/formulas are used to describe chemicals (reactants and products) involved in the reaction
(an abreveation of the state may also be included in the subscipt)

Balanced Chemical Equations
A specific type of chemical equation where, both sides of the arrow must have the same amount of each type of atom and in order to acheive that one must use coeffcients (tchart method is commonly used to balance equations as seen )

Balanced Chemical Equations A specific type of chemical equation where, both sides of the arrow must have the same amount of

Skeleton Chemical Equation
Chemical symbols/formulas are used to describe chemicals (reactants and products) involved in the reaction
(an abreveation of the state may also be included in the subscipt)
*Refer to image under main idea

Word Equation
Describes chemical reactions using the full names of reactants and products

Physical & Chemical
Properties & Changes

Types of Changes

Physical Change
An easily reversible change in which
ONLY the state and/or appearance
changes and chemical composition remains
unchanged
(ex. Liquid water freezing to become ice)

Chemical Change
An irreversible or difficult to reverse change
that alters the chemical composition of a
given substance which is evident as new
substances and/or properties are formed
(ex oxidizatin of iron)

Indicators of Chemical Change
-Bubbles are present indicating a new gas is formed
-Change in color
-A solid is formed by 2 liquids called a percipitate
-Heat and/or light is absorbed or produced

Properties
Essentially, observations
which can be used to identify
a substance

Physical Property
A characteristic which can be observed without causing a chemical reaction and can typically be observed with your senses

Examples
-Odor
-Texture
-Viscosity
-Ductility
-Boiling/melting point

Chemical Property
A characteristic which describes the way a given substance interacts with anther substance

Examples
-Combustibility
-Reactivity
-Acidity

Diagrams

Bohr-Rutheford Diagrams
*Not usesd as much as Lewis diagrams to show bondings or elements after calcium (#20) as it can get very crowded/messy

Bohr-Rutheford Diagrams *Not usesd as much as Lewis diagrams to show bondings or elements after calcium (#20) as it can get v

Lewis Dot Diagrams/Structures

A diagram where the chemical symbol representing the atom is written in the middle and dots are drawn around the symbol to represent the number of valence electrons (which be used to show the energy level and bondings of an atom or a compound)
*More Lewis Dot Diagrams are situated under ions, iomic compounds, and molecular compounds

Lewis Dot Diagrams/Structures A diagram where the chemical symbol representing the atom is written in the middle and dots a

Compounds
A compound is a substance formed of 2 or more elements in a SPECIFIC ratio

Types of Compounds

Molecular/Covalant Compounds Molecular compounds are compounds formed of 2 or more non-metals which share valence electrons (

Molecular/Covalant Compounds
Molecular compounds are compounds formed of 2 or more non-metals which share valence electrons (and there energy) to attain a stable octet thus creating a covalent bond

Polyatomic Ions
An ion which is formed from two or more atoms but act like a single particles (therefore in a compound the polyatomic acts like a non-metal (except ammonium) in an compound however you do not add -ide to the end)

Ionic Compound Any compound composed of a metal and non-metal (cation + anion). Essentially,“excess” electrons on the valence

Ionic Compound
Any compound composed of a metal and non-metal (cation + anion). Essentially,“excess” electrons on the valence shell preventing a cation from being stable is transferred to anions to allow both atoms to have a stable octet and create an ionic bond
(Image to left: Lewis Dot Structures for potassium oxide)

Octet Rule
Atoms are always trying to stabilize by filling their valence shell by attaining 8 electrons (except hydrogen, helium, and lithium which only need two electrons) by getting or losing electrons. Elements (not including transitional metals) in main groups 1-3 lose electrons and 5-7 gain electrons (some groups lose electrons as it requires less energy to acheive stability that way)

Ions Ions are charged atoms; atoms try to have a full outer orbital therefore when they gain or lose electrons which causes a

Ions
Ions are charged atoms; atoms try to have a full outer orbital therefore when they gain or lose electrons which causes an imbalance of protons and electrons thus losing its neutral state, forming ions
(Image to Left:Lewis Dot Diagrams for Ions)

Cations
Positively charged ions meaning they have more protons than electron (and are typically metals)

Anion
Negatively charged ions meaning there are more electrons than protons (typically nonmetals)

Acids & Bases
For a compound to be considered an acid or base it must be in a aqueous state (Aqueous(aq) it means the compound is dissolved in water )

Base
Bases are compounds which produce a hydroxide ion when aqueous (disolved in water) and are usually composed of hydroxide (OH) and a metal

Properties of a Base:
-Has pH of more tthan 7
-Tastes bitter
-Good conductor
-Strong bases are highy corrosive
-Release hydroxide ions when dissoved in water

Acids
An acid is a compound that produces a hydrogen ion (specifically the hydronium ion H+) when aqueous (released into water) therefore all acids have hydrogen as they need hydrogen to produce the ion

Types of Acids

Binary Acids
Binary Acids are composed of hydrogen and one other element typically a non-metal

Oxyacids
Oxyacids must contain oxygen, hydrogen and another element

Properties of Acids:
-Has pH of less than 7
-Tastes sour
-Good conductor
-Strong acids are highly corrosive
-Release hydonium ions when dissolved in water

pH Scale

pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution which is
based off the concentration of hydroxide ions and hydronium ions released when the substance is dissolved in water

If there is a higher concentration of hydroxide the solution is basic and if there's a higher concentration on hydronium ion (H+) the solution is acidic

pH scale
It's a going from 1-14 scale used to compare the acidity of solutions

*Note a pH scale is logarthmic meaning one substance is 10x more acidic as the one before (from 14-1) (e.g Lemon juice is 1000x more acidic than coffee)

*Note a pH scale is logarthmic meaning one substance is 10x more acidic as the one before (from 14-1) (e.g Lemon juice is 100

Neutral
A solution with equal concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions (with a pH level of 7)

Basic
A solution is considered basic
when it has a pH level of 8 or higher

Acidic
A substance is considered acidic if it has a pH level of less than 7;
the lower the pH level the more acidic a substance is

Types of chemical reactions

Neutralization
A special type of double displacement reaction
that involves an acid and a base reacting which
yields water and an ionic compound/salt

Neutralization A special type of double displacement reaction that involves an acid and a base reacting which yields water a

a

a

Single Displacement
One metal OR one non-metal(in it's elemental state)
displaces\switches spots with another metal OR
non-metal which is a part of a compound

Single Displacement One metal OR one non-metal(in it's elemental state) displaces\switches spots with another metal OR non

Synthesis
2 or more reactants combining to form one [complexer] product

Synthesis 2 or more reactants combining to form one [complexer] product

Decomposition
A (complex) compound breaks down into 2 or more (simpler) products

Decomposition A (complex) compound breaks down into 2 or more (simpler) products
Combustion When hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen causing it to “burn”; there are two types of combustion which are sorted based

Combustion
When hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen causing it to “burn”; there are two types of combustion which are sorted based on the amount of oxygen present

Complete Combustion
Adequate or excess oxygen is present in reaction and it
yields carbon dioxide and water vapor

Incomplete Combustion
A reaction in which limited oxygen is present which
produces water, carbon dioxide, soot (C(s)),
carbon monoxide, and water vapor

What is a Chemical Reaction?
A process where two or more substances react to produce a new substance with new properties