Close relationships
initial attraction
propinquity
Festinger, Schachter, Back (1950)
mere exposure effect
Zajonc
see people a lot, become familiar
Moreland & Beach (1992)
similarity
opinions and personality
Newcomb (1961)
Boyden, Carroll & Maier (1984)
Byrne (1971
interests and experiences
situations you choose likely contain similar others
Kubitchek & Hallinan (1998)
new similarities created by sharing experiences
(strengthening friendships)
why important?
need to be liked
Condon & Crano 1998
need to be validated
feel we are right
character conclusions of others
reciprocity
like those who like us
makes up for absence of similarity
Gold, Ryckman & Mosley (1984)
self-fulfilling prophecy
Curtis & Miller (1986)
physical attractiveness
Walster et al. 1966
"What is beautiful is good" stereotype
developing relationships
self-disclosure
revealing intimate facts/feelings
Altman & Taylor, 1973
theory of social penetration
progress from superi#ficial to intimate
broder (more areas of life)
deeper (more important/intimate)
Collins & Miller, 1994
we disclose to those we like
we like those who diclose to us
we like those to whom we have disclosed
greater SD leads to:
Rubin et al. 1980
greater emotional involvement
Hansen & Schuldt, 1984
greater marriage satisfaction
Social exchange theory
economic model of costs-benefits
more satisfying
more rewards
companionship
love
consolation in distress
fewer costs
working to maintain
compromise
giving up opportunities
annoying habits
Homans 1961; Thibaut & Kelly, 1959
pleasing to have attitudes valuated
pleasing to be around someone who likes us
SOCIAL REWARD
Honeymoon period
costs fairly unimportant
Hays 1985
before 3 months
costs not related to satisfaction
Equity theory
Homans 1968
benefits + costs similar for both
inequitable relationships
overbenefitted
GUILTY, UNCOMFORTABLE
underbenefitted
ANGRY, RESENTFUL
criticism
both Ub and Ob shld be moved to restore equity
BUT more serious for underbenefitted
Sprecher & Schwartz 1994
Cate & Lloyd 1998
absolute reward better predictor
satisfaction
endurance
satisfaction
attribution; social comparisons;equity
maladaptive attributions
stable/global problems
low in satisfaction
social comparisons
Bunk, 1990
unhappy couples envious
happy couples see relation as better than others'
equity
those who PERCEIVE equity
most satisfied
intimacy
Reis & Patrick, 1996
3 aspects
caring
understanding
validation
investment/commitment
investment model
comparison level
high CL
expects rewarding relationships
low CL
expects unrewarding relationships
comparison level - ALTERNATIVES
high
Drigotas & Rusbult 1992
less committed to present
low
Simpson 1987
more likely to stay in costly relationship
commitment
high
Van Lange et al. 1997
Finkel et al. 2002
low
Buunk & Bakker, 1997
Drigotas et al. 1999
attachment style
Baldwin 1992
affect perceptions/evaluations of current r'ships