Protists Kingdom

Also known as Protozoa, animal-like protists are heterotrophic. These organisms consume other organisms (protozoa, prokaryotes, organic wastes, etc.). Some species of animal-like protists are parasites. Animal-like Protists are divided into 4 Phyla by its movement.

Phylum Cercozoa: amoebas -Have pseudopods "fake feet."E.g. Naegleria fowleri, a deadly brain eating amoeba.

Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates-Have cilia (like hair)E.g. Paramecium caudatum

Phylum Zoomastigina: Flagelettes -Have flagella (like a tail that lets a protist move)e.g. Sarcomastigophora, causes a disease in the small intestines called Giardiasis.

Sporozoans: parasitic-Takes nutrients from its hoste.g. Eimeria, causes Coccidiosis

Domain Eukarya: All living organisms made up of (one or more) complex eukaryotic cells (cells with a complex structure and more organelles). These include the four main kingdoms: Animalia, Protista, Plantae and Fungi.

Kingdom Fungi: Originally considered to be part of the Plantae kingdom until fungi were observed to not photosynthesize like plants do.With differences like: no leaves, no true roots, no cellulose, etc. these organisms were given a separate Kingdom. Fungi can be uni or multi-cellular organisms that are essentially heterotrophs (absorbs nutrients into cells by releasing digestive enzymes around them).Fungi breakdown organic material and are vital to a healthy environment and it is known as being "saprophytic."A fungus can be either (or more than one) parasitic (absorbs the nutrients from their host), predatory (traps prey), mutualistic (they are partnered up with other fungi or plants, and benefit off each other) or saprobial (breaks down and consumes dead organisms and organic material). Fungi are also beneficial medicinally, and can be used as psychedelics or even contributed to inventions like the antibiotic: Penicillin. Fungi do not have cell with with cellulose, but rather chitin. The structure of a fungi (multi-cellular), consists of a thread-like base called the Hyphae, a net-like mass off branching hyphae called Mycelium and their reproductive system called the Fruiting body (mostly what people see as mushrooms). Fungi can reproduce asexually (fragmentation, budding, releasing spores) or sexually (producing gametes). Despite being divided into these kingdoms, fungi are additionally divided into their 5 phylum: Fungi ImperfectiChytridsZygosporsSac FungiClub fungi

Fungi Imperfecti:A diverse variety of fungi with no sexual structure. Ex. Trichophyton rubrum, a fungi that causes Athlete's foot!

Chytrids: Majority unicellular fungi that have flagella, spores, and are commonly aquatic.Ex. Synchytrium endobioticum, a fungi that grows on to organisms and causes the potato wart.

Zygospores: Multicellular fungi that are terrestrial instead.Ex. rhizopus, a fungi that causes mold on bread.

Sac Fungi: The most common and largest phylum of fungi. Have finger-like sacs YeastsEx. penecillium, related to penicillin which is a famous antibiotic in the medical field!

Club Fungi: Mushrooms (commonly)Have fruiting bodies but they're often short-livedEx. Agaricus bisporus, mushrooms dissected in class.

I took this photo using Mariam's microscope because I was told that it had a better example. :)

Kingdom Plantae: Multi-cellular organisms Are made up of eukaryotic plant cells which include large vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell walls with cellulose. Autotrophs: Make their own food by doing photosynthesis (produce C6H12O6)Are immotile They store food as starch.Plants are classified as vascular or non-vascular plants. They then narrow down the classification of vascular plants to seed and seedless.

Non Vascular:No vascular tissues, no stems, no leaves, no rootsSmaller than vascular plantsUse osmosis and diffusion to transport Have a small root-like structure called: "Rhizoida"Ex. Mosses

Vascular: Plants with xylem and phloem tubes that are used as transportation vessels.More successful because they have a stronger structure thanks to the tubes, and transport water better. Xylem tissues carry the water/minerals, while the phloem tissues carry glucose (C6H12O6)Have three main structures: Roots: anchor the plant, get water/minerals from the soil, can also store the food energy as starch. Divided into three main types:Fibrous rootTap root AdventitiousStems: Support the leaves and flowers (while supporting them in the best position to reproduce and get food), use the xylem and phloem to get materials of high volume in one part to spread out into others and can store nutrients for the future. Divided into three outer arrangements:OppositeAlternateWhorledLeaves: They maximize the surface area of the plant for photosynthesis, control the stoma (opening that releases, takes in gases). Vary in shapes. Flowers, spores and cones are also additional structures of a plant.

Seedless Plants:Are reproduced by sporesRequire water in order to reproduceEx. Ferns

Seed Plant: Use seeds for reproductionA seed is considered a plant embryoSeed plants are divided into 2 groups of seed bearing/forming vascular plants:AngiospermsGymnosperms

Angiosperms:Flower bearing plantsProduces protected seedsPollinated by spreading the pollen from one stigma to another, known as cross-pollination or to the same plant, known as self-pollination.The pollen is spread by bees, wind, ...Another method is a sperm travelling down a pollen tube that is in the style of a plant until its ovaries. The plant egg in the ovaries are than fertilized and develop a seedEx. TulipsAngiosperms are then divided into 2 types based on its vascular bundle layout:MonocotsDicots

Gymnosperms: Cone bearing plantsUse their sexual reproductive organs to reproduce naked seeds.Pollinate by having their pollen get carried by wind to female cones which produces seeds.These seeds are protected and they then fall, germinate and become new trees themselves. Ex. Spruce trees

Kingdom Animalia:Multi-cellular organismsCells have no cell wallHeterotrophs: commonly ingest and digest their food.Commonly mobile (even at least in one stag of their lives)Reproduces sexually (commonly)Produces an offspringDivided into two categories of invertebrates and vertebratesDivided into 35-36 phylaAre classified based on 8 qualities:Presence of backboneVertebrates: have a backboneInvertebrates: don't have a backbone (95% of animals)Levels of OrganizationDifferent levels of complexity and structuresVarying complexity of bodily systems like repiratory, digestive, etc. All animals have cells that are organized into tissues besides sponges. Body LayersAll animals have three body layers:Ectoderm: Outer layer (skin, etc.)Mesoderm: Middle layer (muscles, etc.)Endoderm: Inner layer (organs like liver, etc.)Sponges and cnidarians do not have 3 body layersBody SymmetryMajority of animals are symmetricalTwo types of symmetry:Radial symmetry: body parts go around one axis pointBilateral symmetry: body is equal in halves like a mirror image (if you were to put a line through the middle, both sides would look the same)Body CavityCoelom is a body cavity that is filled with fluid and organ systemsTwo types:Coelomates: have a coelom (insects, etc.)Acoelomates: don't have a coelom (jellyfish, etc.)SegmentationThe body dividing into segements or repetitive sectionsThe undamaged segements can still workHave complex patterns of movementMovementDivided into 2 types:Motile: can do locomotion (majority of animals)Sossile: stays stationary (sea anemone, etc.) (however, in its earlier stages of life it is often motile)ReproductionSexual reproductionAsexual reproduction (different types):Fragmentation (like a starfish's arm breaking off to make a new starfish.)Budding (hydra)

Phylum Porifera: Asymmetric Movement: sinks spicules in ground and pull to haul body forwardReproduction: Both sexes are in one sponge (internal or external fertilization)How they eat: Filter feedingFirst animalsNo tissues/organsEx. Sea sponges

Phylum Cnidaria: AsymmetricMovement: forces water out that propels them forward.Reproduction: Sexual (eggs), Asexual (releases gametes)Digestion: Orrifice and body cavity Sting with tentacles, take and eat their food11k species of aquatic lifeEx. Jellyfish'

Phylum Echinodermata:Radial symmetryMovement: Tube feetReproduction: Asexual (like fragmentation)Can sometimes regenerate limbsHow they eat: Fluid filled canals7k Living speciesEx. Starfish'

Phylum Platyhelminthes:Bilateral SymmetryMovement: Crawl or SwimReproduction: Sexual and asexual (some are hermaphrodites)Nutrition: Scavengers or parasiticInvertebratesFlattened bodiesLoong/narrow bodiesEx. Planaria

Phylum Nematoda: Round wormsBilateral symmetryCrawl or swimSexual and asexual reproductionHermaphrodites'Have true digestive system open at both ends (mouth and anus)ParasitesEx. Tape worms

Phylum Annelida:Bilateral symmetryCrawl or swimHave tiny hairs that work as paddlesSexual and asexual reproductionHermaphroditesEat microscopic critters in soilHave mouthsBody made of linked segmentsClosed circulatory systemEx. Leeches

Phylum Mollusca:Bilateral symmetryExternal fertilization (lay eggs)Internal fertilization (hermaphrodites')Muscular mouths with radulaeLargest marine phylumMost neurologically advanced invertebratesEx. Colossal Squid

Phylum Anthropoda:Bilateral SymmetryFly, crawl, walk, scurryTerrestrial: internal fertilizationAquatic: internal/external fertilizationAll lay eggsAphid give birth to live youngExoskeleton made of chitinSegmented bodiesPaired/joint appendagesWingsEx. Spiders

Phylum Chordata:Bilateral symmetry6k species, half of which are bony fishDeuterostomes: Anus forms before mouth in embryo stageFluid filled body cavityNotochordsSubphylum Cephalochordate:Lancelets (amphioxus)Small, "vaguely fish-shaped" animals that lack brainsClearly defined headsSpecial sense organs25 species in marine environmentFilter feedersSubphylum Tunicata:Sea squirts, larvaceansBoth are soft bodied filter feedersSessile: mainly water pumps and filter-feeding apparatusSubphylum Vertebrata:Chordates with the notochord replaced by a vertebral column during development

Agnathans: Jawless fishProbably earliest vertebratesFossils from 500 million years agoDon't have paired fins/stomachSkeleton made of cartilageFertilization of eggs takes place outside of the bodyEx. Lamprey, Hagfish

Osteichthyes:Jawed fishLargest class of vertebrates29k species of bony fishSwim bladder: filled with gas for buoyancyScalesLateral lineSensory organsEx. Eels, Anglerfish

Chondrichthyes:1k species in this classMade of cartilage (no bone)Teeth and vertebrae have calciumEgg cases or live young (majority)Assumed to have existed 400 million years ago (before dinosaurs)1k species of sharks and raysEx. Sharks, skates, rays

Amphibia:Part life on water, part life on land4 legsNo amniotic eggs Lay eggs in waterGillsMetamorphosis helps it grow lungs and legs 5.7k speciesEg. Frogs, salamanders

Reptilia:First class to adapt life on land10k speciesCold bloodedPowerful jawLight skullEx. Turtles, snakes

Aves: Back bonesFeatherWarm bloodedFly, swim, ground dwellingBillsNo teethLay eggsLight, hollow bones9.6k speciesDescended from dinosaurs Ex. Falcons

Mammalia:Have...1. Hair (marine animals have a little)2. Specialized Teeth3. Endothermic (warm-blooded)4. Mammary Glands5. Placenta (most): placental mammals spend some time in the uterus6. Diaphragm - muscle that aids breathingGive birth to live youngs except..Monotromes: Lay eggs (duck-billed platypus)Marsupials: develop their youngs in their pouch (kangaroos)Ex. tigers, dogs, whales, bats

Also called "Molds," fungus-like protists are heterotrophic (they absorb nutrients from waste, living and the dead). Unlike regular fungi, these protists either lack a cell wall, or have cellulose in it. They produce fungus that is spore-like, water mold and slime molds. They are divided into 3 groups based on the mold.

Phylum Myxomycota: plasmodial slime mold-Resembles dog vomit-Creeps over decaying material and is slug-like. -Exists like a streaming blob called plasmodium (it contains many nuclei)

Phylum Acrasiomycota: cellular slime mold-Has individual amoeboid cells with 1 nucleus each-Ingests yeast or bacteria-When food is scarce, pseudoplasmodium forms.

Phylum Oomycota: water molds-Has a form of threads/hairy (filamentous)-Some of them are parasitic (extends its threads into their host's tissue to absorb nutrients)e.g. Achlya

Plant-like protists can perform photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll and can be multicellular (algae) or unicellular (diatoms, etc.). These organisms supply half of the world's oxygen and are also the primary source in aquatic food chains! Additionally, they can be used to make Agar which is used in the medical industry.

Phylum Chrysophyta: Diatoms (phytoplankton) -They are abundant and very diverse, making them a commmon food source for marine organisms. -Have rigid cell walls and an outer layer with silica.e.g. Copepod *yes like Plankton from Spongebob!*

Phylum Pyrrophyta: 2 flagella at right angles. -Some cause algal bloom (red tide) which can be toxic to humans/marine animals, shellfish etc. -Has bioluminescence (production of light in organisms)e.g. Symbiodinium lives inside coral

Phylum Euqlenozoa: Euglenoids -Are autotrophs in the sunlight but heterotrophs in the dark -Have eyespots to detect lighte.g. Euglena

Algae: Multicellular plant protists -Red, Brown and Green Algae.

Monocots:Have scattered vascular bundlesLeaves with 3 petals1 seed leaf (cotyledon)Parallel VeinsDicots:Vascular bundles are in ringsLayout resembles a cross-like form2 seed leaves (cotyledons)Leaves with 4-5 petalsNetwork veins