Domain of Life

Eukaryota:The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with - all animals, plants, fungi, and protists. They also include the vast majority of the organisms that paleontologists work with. Although they show unbelievable diversity in form, they share fundamental characteristics of cellular organization, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Shown here, clockwise from upper left: a dinoflagellate, a single-celled photosynthetic protist; a palm tree representing the plants; a spider, one of the animals; and a cluster of mushrooms representing the fungi

'Protist' defined as single celled organism-Some are multicellularAll protist are aquaticLive in moist terrestrial environmentsSome parasiticSome exists in moist tissueAre diverse in structureHeterotrophic (cannot manufacture its own food) or Autotrophic (self-feeding)Motile ( ability of an organism to move independently)Large, complex cells with many organelles

Most recognizable of the plant like protist are the green algaeDifference between the various classes are mostly based upon the type of chlorophyll present and the structure of the cell wallIt is an Autotrophs (produces complex organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions) aka. self-feeding

Green AlgaeMovements are none Chlorophyll A and B gives them their bright green colourclosely related to vascular land plants

When a prey comes comes in contact.Peristaltic waves pass along the elastic pellicle resulting in a limited form of locomotion aka euglenoid movement_____________________________________________________________________Has both animal and plant characteristics

Red Algae Non-Motile movement (not capable of movement) of spores or microorganism Used in common food like sushi or chocolate milk, pasta and etc.

They are heterotrophs -an organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matterThey are Motile (having the power to move spontaneously)

PlasmodiumAll parasiticNon-Motile (not capable of moving)Relies on other organism to distribute themLives in a gut of female mosquito that causes malaria or bloodstream of certain animals

TrypanosomaSingle Flagellum tailHelicopter roterSymbiotic rels with termitesMove by beating a long whip like flagellaDon't ingest whole food

ParameciumCilia allows them to move quicklyused to propel and direct food towards mouth opening Single celledContractile vacuole that helps get rid of excess water

Ameoba Proteus - moves slow so they prey slow moving organismPseudopods (tool to capture prey and extensions of cytoplasm or inside organism)Encircling foodWrap around + fuse (joins together)Lysosome breaks down food

Very similar to fungi -Especially in terms of nutrition and appearance saprophytic heterotrophs (digesting food externally and then absorbing it)

Eukaryoticchemoheterotrophic - Cannot produce their own food and must absorb itreproduce thru sporesBoth sexual and asexualNot motilealternation generationcell walls composed of chitinsSome fungi acts as a parasite and feeds on living things, usually doing some degree of harm Parasitic fungi uses enzymes to break down tissues

Common MouldThey are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants.ex. bread moulds

Sac FungiAscomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formedEx. Yeast, truffles, morels

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

Club FungiBasidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast; refer yeast for more information) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). Ex. Mushrooms and Club Fungi

A mushroom, or toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source

Imperfect fungiThe Deuteromycota are characterized by production of septate mycelium and/or yeasts, and a sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.ex. Penicillium, parasitic fungi, fungi that causes disease like athletes foot

uses enzymes to break down tissues

Plants:multicellularPhotosynthetic –Contain chlorophyll a and bAlternation of Generationsdevelop from embryos –arise from multicellular structures in the maternal tissueproduct of sexual fusion -indicating that all plants (even though this is not actually true) have a sexual stage at some point in their life cycleUse chlorophyll to produce their own food

Without water flowing vessels Non-FloweringSpore bearingThree phyla are traditionally called bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant portion of the life cycle plants appear leafy but lack true stems, roots or leaves they lack vascular tissue they are all limited in size, most are no larger than 20 cm tall generally found in moist habitats 'Ex. mosses, liverworts, and hornworts 

means "mosslike plant"appears as a thick, velvety green carpet on moist rocks, trees, and groundmade up of individual moss plan

No roots Non-vascularCannot transport fluids through their bodiesNeed moisture

a small flowerless green plant with leaflike stems

Hornworts are a group of non-vascular plants

Flowering Plants

gametophyte is much reduced The gametophytes are not free-living–retained within the reproductive tissues of the sporophytePollination replaces the sperm cell swimming to the egg–Drought-resistant pollen is carried to the female tissues by wind or animals. The zygote is protected in a seed–The seed can be dispersed, unlike the zygote of non-seed plants 

Flowering Plants –reproduction takes place within the flower. sporophyte is the dominant–gametophytes are microscopic

Flowering Plants

are seed plants adapted to life on landtend to conserve waterIncludes roots, xylem and phloemVascular and have seedsnaked seeds.–seed is not covered with a fleshy fruit.sporophyte produces both male and female conesfour phyla

Reproduce from seeds instead of sporesSeeds are nakedNever have flowersHave adaptation to survive in cold weather thin leaves, needles

typically have a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves

vascular tissuemoist habitatshave leaves called frondssporophyte is the dominant part of the life cycles gametophyte is much reduced The gametophytes are not free-living–retained within the reproductive tissues of the sporophytePollination replaces the sperm cell swimming to the eggDrought-resistant pollen is carried to the female tissues by wind or animals. The zygote is protected in a seed–The seed can be dispersed, unlike the zygote of non-seed plants 

Vascular Plant Produces by spores

With rootsVascular SystemTransports fluidMain PhylumHave gametophyte and sporophyte

oldest lineages of extant vascular plants and contains extinct plants

Animals are defined as:heterotrophic  diploid multicellular usually (except sponges) develop from a blastula   - multicellular embryo that develops from diploid zygote produced by fertilization of a large haploid egg by a smaller haploid sperm, is unique to animals.

MulticellularNo mouthHeterotrophicWithout true tissueSpongesAsymmetrical- lacking symmetryLook like plants Collar cell- creates wave to pull foodReproduce *Releases sperm+eggEx. Sponges

Can be sessile - do not moveand get food by filter feeding

True tissueTentacles Basic tissue layers in the embryo-oragan + tissue-ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm2 tissue layersRadial symmetry - symmetry around a central axis2 body forms •Medusa (cup) •polyp (vase)Cnidocytes (stinging cells)Nematocysts (prickly barbs)Gastrovascular cavity (digestion)

complex eyes and potent toxins

most diverse group

Can be free living or parasiticBilateral symmetry (2) with a head and a tailCephalization (has a head)Centralized nervous systemNo circulatory system and no hard skeleton

Can move in 2 ways either by cilia or muscle cells

Unsegmented wormsBilateral symmetryPseudocoelom ("false coelom")body cavity contains organsComplete digestive tract

worm grows in intestine of human host a forms cysts in the muscles

Digestive tract Body segmentationCoelomClosed circulatory system

Body planshellsfootcoelommantleProtostomes (anus first and mouth develops from blastopore)

Have a radula

Fast moving and intelligent predatorsExcellent visionFoot modified into tentaclesMove by jet propulsionthe concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development.

Two-part shellsNo headPowerful foot to burrow

Six pair of appendages Chelicerae and pedipalps mouth parts No mandibles and no antenna Ex. Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, harvestmen and etc.

2 body segment8 LegsNo antenna or wingsEx. Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites,

Body divided into head, thorax, abdomenUniramous appendages One pair of antenna (unbranched)Most with wings3 pair of walking legsGo from larva to adult

Large and diverse groupCharacterized by having mandibles and compound eyes, biramous appendagesMostly living in aquatic habitatsBiramous appendages Ex. Crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, and etc

Elongated segmented body with numerous paired, jointed legs, formerly classified as a class comprising the centipedes and millipedesMany legsEx. Millipede, Centipedes

Deuterostomes (mouth first and anus develops from blastopore)Radial - 5 part symmetryBilateral symmetry as a larva (2)Vascular skeleton

Dorsal nerve cordNotochordPaired gill slitsPosy-anal tailDeutreusome

Animals have backboneanterior part of the dorsal hollow nerve cord is enlarged into a brainhead, neck, and trunkpresence of a tailA jointed internal skeletonTwo pairs of appendages 

Jaw

cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.

 bony fish

•The amniotic egg• Internal Fertilization• Water tight Skin• Other Adaptations

• Presence of hair• 4 chambered heart• Mammary glands on females (lactation)• 3 middle ear bones• Viviparous• Endothermic

•Egg layers• Spiny Anteater, Duck Billed PlatypusWarm bloodedproduces milkDo not give birth to live youngKeeps the eggs for the longer period - to provide nutrients to the egg

•Small immature fetusGive birth to live youngMammals have pouch where their young grows and develops

Young nourished by placenta

ability to survive on land

ability to survive on land

Larvae heart 2 chambered,Adult heart 3 chamberedGills. lungs and skin used in respiration

No jawsSucks tissue + bloodNo hinged jawnotochord persists into the adult animal

motile larvae display the chordate characteristicssessile (immobile) adult retains the pharyngeal apparatus

Filter feedersbiologists believe the ancestors of vertebrates resembled these animals

Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal structures and are therefore ranked among the unicellular life-forms called prokaryotesmicroscopic single-celled organisms

ProkaryoteCell walls with peptidoglycanUnicellularHave been classified by shapeLike archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled.  They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. Most eubacteria are helpful.  Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured above, can give you strep throatEx. Staphylococcus,Salmonella

Spherical

Rod shaped

Spiral

Archaea constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes are prokaryotes, meaning they have no cell nucleus.

ProkaryoteCell walls without peptidoglycanUnicellularArchaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environment on the planetArchaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling waterand thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environmentEx. Thermoplasma acidophilum

No body cavity Platyhelminthes Flatworm

"False"There is a body cavity but not realSuspended body cavity -Changes depending on how they are relying

True body CavityOrgans are held together by a mesentry