Prokaryotes
Scarlett Barreto
Bacteria
Bacterial Shapes
Coccus
Sperical
Bacillus
Rod-shape
Spirillium
Curved or corkscrew-like spiral
Proteobacteria
Alpha
Associated with Eukaryotic hosts (ex: Rhizobium)
Beta
Nutritionally Diverse
Wide range of aquatic species (ex: Rubrivivax)
Gamma
Includes sulfer bacteria.
Some are pathogens (ex. Salmonella)
Delta
Slime-secreting myxobacteria
Ex: Bdellovibrios- attack other bacteria
Epsilon
Most are pathogenic to humans or other animals
Ex: Campylobacter- causes blood poisoning
Chlamydias
Only survive within animal cells
Gram negative walls
Ex: Chlamydia trachomatis
Spirochetes
helical, gram-negative
Many are free living, others are notorious pathogenic parasites
Ex: Leptospira
Cyanobacteria
Gram-negative photoautotrophs
Some filaments have cells specialized for nitrogen fixation
Ex: Oscillatoria
Gram Positive Bacteria
rival the proteobacteria in diversity
include solitary species
Ex: Streptomyces (Source of many antibiotics)
Reproduction
Asexual
Binary Fission
single prokaryotic cell divides into two, then 4, and so on
Sexual
Transformation
Genotype and possibly the phenotype of prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
movement of genes from one organism to another
Conjugation
DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined.
Transduction
carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
Lifestyles
Extremophiles
Halophiles
an organism that grows in or can tolerate saline conditions
Thermophiles
grows best at higher than normal tempratures
Acidophiles
thrive under highly acidic conditions
Alkalinophiles
survive in alkaline environments
Psychrophiles
can grow in low tempratures
Uses of Prokaryotes
Cloning
Transgenic Plants
Make Plastics
Bioremediation
Bioengineering
Archaea
Euyarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota
Separate deep-branching phylum within archaea
embraces ammonia-oxidizing organisms from different enviroments.
Aigarchaeota
contains microorganisms from terrestrial and subsurface geothermal ecosystems
Crenarchaeota
thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms
Korarchaeota
Thermophilic
Nutritional Categories
Energy and Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Carry our photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophs
Gets energy from the oxidation or inorganic compounds
Chemoheterortrophs
obtain energy by oxidation of electron donors in their environment
Photoheterotrophs
use light for energy, but not carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source
Metabolisim
Obligate Aerobes
requires oxygen to grow
Obligate Anaerobes
Poisoned by Oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes
makes ATP with or without oxygen
Nitrogen Fixers
nitrogen is converted to ammonia
Methanogens
reduces carbon dioxide to methane
Decomposers
decomposes organic material
Ecological Interctions
Biofilm
bacteria in a community that covers a surface
ex: plaque
Symbiosis
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association.
Mutualism
beneficial to both organisms involved
Commensalism
association between two organism in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit or harm
Parasitism
parasite lives on or in another oranism or host, causing some harm.