Ways To Categorize LLS

Oxford (1990)

Direct Strategies

Memory Strategies

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Help students store and retrieve new information.1.) Creating Mental Linkages2.) Applying Images & Sound3.) Reviewing Well4.) Employing Action

Cognitive Strategies

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Enable learners to understand and produce new language by many different means.1.) Practising2.) Receiving & Sending Messages3.) Analysing & Reasoning4.) Creating Structure for Input & Output

Compensation Strategies

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Allow learners to use the language despite their often large gaps in knowledge.1.) Guessing Intelligently2.) Overcoming Limitations in Speaking & Writing

Indirect Strategies

Metacognitive Strategies

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Allow learners to control their own cognition.1.) Centering Your Learning2.) Arranging & Planning Your Learning3.) Evaluating Your Learning

Affective Strategies

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Helps to regulated emotions, motivations and attitudes.1.) Lowering Your Anxiety2.) Encouraging Yourself3.) Taking Your Emotional Temperature

Social Strategies

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Help students learn through interactions with others.1.) Asking Questions2.) Cooperating With Others3.) Emphathizing With Others

O'Malley & Chammot (1985)

Cognitive Strategies

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Cognitive Strategies focuses on the learning. It covers all the activities to manipulate learning materials continously through different ways. For examples : 1.) Managing Resources 2.) Making Arrangement 3.) Summarizing 4.) Elaborating 5.) Labelling 6.) Transferring Information

Metacognitive Strategies

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Metacognitive Strategies are strategies for planning for learning, thinking about the process of learning, monitoring results and understanding, and evaluating learning after a particular language task has been completed. For example : 1.) Timetable 2.) Conversing with Native Speakers 3.) Identifying Mistakes 4.) Improving Language Skills

Socioeffective Strategies

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Work as a medium foe social activities and interacting with other people. Example : 1.) Asking for Clarification 2.) Cooperating with Peers 3.) Pooling Information 4.) Checking a Learning Task 5.) Getting Feedback on a Learning Activity

Mohamed Amin (1996)

Classroom LLS (CLLS) & Out-of-Class (OLLS)

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- Language Use- Exam Preparation- The use of Media- Dealing with New Words- Focussed with Learning- Social Learning outside the class- Social Learning in the class

Exam LLS (ELLS)

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- Early Preparation before Class- Physical Structuring in the Class