Biological Macromolecules

-a large molecule consisting of many amino acid subunits -joined by peptide bonds and folded into a specific three-dimensional shape

-is a molecule containing a carboxyl group, an amino group and a side group (R group)-the difference in R groups is what distinguishes amino acids from each other-there are 20 different amino acids (meaning 20 different R groups)

-unique linear sequence of amino acids in each polypeptide chain-20^2= 400 combinations of two amino acids-20^20 ..... virtually limitless number of combinations

-hydrogen bonding between different parts of the amino acid backbone creates two common secondary structures

-in an a helix, the carbonyl of one amino acid is hydrogen bonded to the amino H (N-H) of an amino acid that has four down the chain-coiled structure in filamentous and transmembrane proteins

-3 dimensional shape due to intermolecular reactions between R- groups

-many proteins are composed of two or more polypeptides joined together -held together by the same types of bonds as in the tertiary structure

-two or more segements of a polypeptide chain line up next to each other-forming a sheet-like structure held together by hydrogen bonds

-are the assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms

-are the buiding blocks of nucleic acids-are liked together by a sinlge bridging phosphate group between the 5'-carbon of one sugar and the 3' -carbon of the next sugar

-an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base-bonds nucleic acids together

-the nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C)-the nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U), and cytosine (C)

-is a molecule that carries energy within the cells-referred to energy currency of the cell

-is a monosaccharide ("simple" sugar)-has five carbon atoms

-found in RNA-is a "normal" sugar, with one oxygen atom attached to each carbon atom

-found in DNA-molecules bound to both a phosphate group and either a purine or a pyrimidine-helps form the backbone of DNA molecules

-a molecule containing one atom of phosphorus covalently bound to four oxygen residues -relatively reactive molecules that form phophoester fonds by the interaction with hydroxyl groups

-sugar-phosphate backbone-5' end has phosphate, 3' end has the sugar -four bases projecting from the backbone (A,T,C,G)-double-stranded-strands run antiparallel to each other-hydrogrn bonds form between complimentary bases on opposite strands (G forms 3 bonds with C, and A forms 2 bonds with T)-twists into double-helical formation

-sugar-phosphate backbone-4 bases (G,C,A,U)-single-stranded

-a molecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

-the simplest form of a carbonhydrate

-is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms -found in fruits and plants

-two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration synthesis reaction

-a molecule composed of two monosaccharides-produced natuarlly in plants -common sugar

-two or more monosaccharides join together by O-glycosidic bonds

-composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose-can be found in vegetables and whole grains

-a molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides -large source of energy

-is a molecule consisting of hundreds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms-main substance in the walls of plant cells-important in a humans diet as fibre

-a nonpolar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

-a lipid that contains two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol-polar, hydrophilic head-nonpolar, hydrophobic tail-the primary lipid of a cell membrane

-consists of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages-2 possible forms exist, 1,2-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols

-a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl functional group

-only single bonds in the hydrocarbon chains-tend to be solid at room temperature and from animal sourcs

-double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains-are usually liquid and from plant sources

-it has 3 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms, and 3 oxygen atoms-the chemical structure of glycerol shows that each carbon atom is bonded to an -OH group

-large source of energy, but more difficult to utilize than carbohydrates-3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

-a lipid composed of four carbon rings

-plays an important role in your body-needs it to make hormones, Vitamin D and help aid in digestion