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Glucose

Additional info.

Structure

Structure

Function

Function

6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen

Polar functional groups aldehyde and hydroxyl

Can be shaped as a hexagonal ring
or an open chain

Function

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Sucrose

One glucose monomer and
one fructose (isomer of glucose)
monomer

Glycosidic bond between C1 on an 𝛂-glucose molecule and C4 on a 𝜷-fructose molecule.

Polar and highly water soluble

Plants make it as a form of
energy storage.

Also contains carbonyl and hydroxyl
functional groups, enabling the creation
of hydrogen bonds

Polysaccharides

Glycogen

Thousands of glucose monomers

Linked by 𝛂(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

Branches every 8-12 glucose units through an 𝛂(1→6) glycosidic bond.

Very large branched structures

Broken down into glucose and fructose by enzymes in the small intestine,

These monosaccharides can then be used in energy production.

Two polar substances in contact

Strong intermolecular
forces of attraction.

Glucose and water are both polar

Glucose is water soluble

Glucose can be dissolved and transported
within the body using water.

Simplest and smallest form of carbohydrate

Easy to break down for ATP production

Preferred source of energy for the body

Structure

Made by animals for energy storage

High quantities of glucose in a compressed format makes for effective storage of glucose for later use in energy production.

Proteins

Sensory

Rhodopsin protein

Retina

Detect light

Receptor protein

Covalently bound

Light-sensitive molecule

Changes shape in response to light

Activation of other proteins in retinal rod cell

Informs the brain of the presence of light

348 amino acids

Lysine amino acid residue

Structural

Collagen

Connective tissue

1/3 glycine amino acid

Very compact, dense animo acid

Closely packed, allowing for hydrogen bonding between collagen peptide chains

Macronutrients

Lipids

Triglycerides

Fats and oils

Take longer for the body to metabolize
than carbohydrates

Triglycerides are used for long-term
energy storage in plants and animals

Glycerol backbone

Three fatty acid chains

Two non-polar fatty acid chains

Polar phosphate group

Three hydroxyl groups

Fatty acid carboxyl groups

Dehydration synthesis

Ester linkage

Phospholipids

Cell membrane

Phospholipid bilayer structure

Amphipathic properties
of phospholipids

Defines the structure of cells

Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Negatively charged phosphate group

Deoxyribose sugar

Identical to ribose, with the oxygen atom from the hydroxyl group on C-2 absent.

Absence of a second -OH group makes DNA more stable, ideal for long-term preservation of genetic material

Phosphate group. C-5 on the sugar binds to oxygen on Phosphate.

Phosphodiester linkage

Nucleic acid backbone, comprised of phosphate and sugar

Nitrogenous bases, attached to C-1 on sugar molecule

Guanine, cytosine, adenine

Fourth base is uracil, specific to RNA

Fourth base is thymine, specific to DNA

Hydrogen bonds are formed between complementary bases

Guanine binds with cytosine, adenine binds with thymine

Two separate DNA polynucleotide chains connect in antiparallel. Complementary bases on the two strands form hydrogen bonds.

Sequence of nitrogen bases code for the production of specific amino acids in the ribosomes.

Used for storing genetic information in most organisms

Found in the nucleus of cells in the form of chromosomes.

Responsible for transcription of genetic information found in DNA and decoding of this information in the ribosomes.

Some viruses also use RNA as their primary unit for storing genetic information instead of DNA

Guanine binds with cytosine, adenine binds with uracil

One polynucleotide chain folds inwards on itself, bringing complementary bases on the same RNA strand close for hydrogen bonding.

Ribose sugar

Ribonucleic Acid

5-carbon sugar with aldehyde group on c-5
and hydroxyl groups on C-2 and C-3.

Two hydroxyl groups make it easier for ribose to participate in hydrolysis reactions

Three collagen polypeptides

Triple helix quaternary structure

Hydrogen bonds

Stable, strong, fibrous structure ideal for connective tissue