cell structure and function

everything is made of cells

everything comes from cells

cells are a fundamental unit of structure

prokaryotes - no true nucleus

eukaryotes - true nucleus

nucleus - store DNA

mitochondria - generate ATP

smooth and rough ER - transporting protein and fat

golgi apparatus - helps process the protein and fat

vesicles - transport everything and remove waste

ribosomes - acts as a messenger

cell membrane - regulates materials entering and exiting

same as animal but also:

cell wall - provides protection

vacuole - help with waste and maintaining water

chloroplast - contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

magnification - image / actual

size = mag / image

crystal violet

grams iodine

decolouriser (alcohol)

safranin

violet

thicker peptidoglycan layer

pink

extra outer memrane

harder to kill

adapted to absorb light more efficiently

fit tightly together

packed with chloroplast

face leaf's upper surface

engulfs pathogens and foreign particles

can move easily to sites of infection

found in lymph nodes

produce antibodies

help detect and destroy cancer

fights germs

bi-lobed

combat particles

largest

takes part in immunity

long root hair for extra surface area to absorb water

contain lots of mitochondria to release energy used for active transport

acrosome - releases enzymes to break membrane of egg

mitochondria - provides energy

centrioles - detaches head from tail

flagellum - helps with movement

biconcave shape

no nucleus

contains haemoglobin

plasma membrane - provides protection

corona radiata - supplies protein

zona pellucida - prevents polyspermy

first polar body - unwanted chromosomes

lines veins and arteries

atherosclerosis

lining of the veins and arteries become thicker and harder

plaque

can cause a stroke

striated

multiple nuclei

mainly voluntary, makes you move

1 nucleus per cell

striated

involuntary

not striated

1 nucleus per cell

lines blood vessels

involuntary

simple, stratified, pseudostratified. transitional

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

lining hollow organs

alveoli

pseudostratified columnar epithelium in lungs

simple squamous epithelium

gas exchange

COPD - airway become inflamed, cant get oxygen into tissue, can destroy alveoli

skin

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

an explosion of electrical activity

caused by a depolarising current

when a stimuli cause depolarisation past the threshold

depolarise (sodium+ in), repolarise (potassium+ out), hyperpolarise, resting potential

caused by a lack of dopamine - body not able to communicate with the brain, causes you to shake

L-Dopa tablet treatment (pre-curser to dopamine), can pass the BBB, enzymes turn it into dopamine.

caused by a decrease in production of serotonin

antidepressant medication makes the neurotransmitters more active for the production

increased speed

insulated

nerve impulse is slower

no myelin sheath

pre synaptic membrane

synaptic cleft - space between

post synaptic membrane