Classifications of Language Learning Strategies

Direct

Creating mental linkages

Applying images and sounds

Reviewing well

Employing actions

Cognitive

Practising

Receiving and sending messages

Analysing and reasoning

Creating structure for input and output

Compensation

Guessing intelligently

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Indirect

Metacognitive

Overviewing and linking with known material

Paying attention

Delaying speech production

Organising

Setting goals and objectives

Planning language task

Self monitoring

Self evaluating

Grabbing opportunities for language practice

Affective

Lowering anxiety

Encouraging oneself

Taking emotional temperature

Social

Asking questions

Co-operating with others

empathizing with others

Learning strategies

Cognitive Learning Strategies

Clarification/ Verification

Guessing/ Inductive Inferencing

Deductive Reasoning

Practice

Memorisation

Monitoring

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

Planning

Prioritising

Setting goals

Self-management

Communication Strategies

Using linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in conversation

Social Strategies

Metacognitive Strategies

advance organizers

directed attention

selective attention

self-management

functional planning

self-monitoring

delayed production

self-evaluation

Cognitive Strategies

Repetition

Resourcing

Translation

Grouping

Note taking

Deduction

Recombination

Imagery

Auditory representation

Key word

Contextualisation

Elaboratin

Transfer

Inferencing

Socio-affective strategies

Co-operating

Questioning/Requesting Clarification