CR

Claims of Fact: States that something has existed, exists now, or will exist based on factual evidence

Claims of Fact need to be proven because...

Different Interpretations

Casual Relationships

Predictions

New Data

Claim of Value: Based on moral or aesthetic principles, deems somethings good/desirable or bad/undesirable

Aesthetics

Standards

Rogerian argument structure helpful when discussing standards

Morality

Controversiality

Majority preference does not equal moral value

Claim of Policy: States that a specific course of action should be implemented

Begin with convincing a reader that the problem exists

Need both claims of fact and claims of value to establish this sometimes

Then offer a plan to implement the solution to the proven problem

Can be answered subjectively

Can be answered using information that exists and can be collected

Hasn't been answered yet, hasn't been answered completely, or hasn't been answered in the context that you will be answering it in

Reviewing your research

Include only relevant issues

Support Claims

Produce strongest possible evidence to support factual claims

To support value claims find support for the fundamental principles of the claim

Explain clearly and specifically for a policy claim

Question your own arguments to find weak spots

Consider the context of your argument and how it will be received by readers

Organizing the Material

Defending the Main Idea

Introduction

Main Idea

Evidence

Conclusion

Refuting an Opposing View

Introduction

Summary of Opposing View

Refutation of Opposing View

Conclusion

Finding the Middle Ground

Introduction

Presentation of Various Viewpoints

Proposal of Middle Ground

Conclusion

Presenting the Stock Issues

Introduction

Establishment of Problem (Need)

Proposal of solution (Plan)

Explanation of Advantages

Conclusion

Ordering Material for Emphasis

Make an explicit statement

Beginning or end, end has most emphasis

Write more about material you want to be emphasized

Writing

Beginning the Paper

Building an Effective Argument

Style

Tone

Concluding the Paper

Answer question "so what"

Call to action

Broader applications

Bring ideas together into one

Use quotation

Revising

Read through what you have written to make sure it is complete and well organized

Make sure the style and tone are appropriate for the audience and topic

To check style compare other authors work to your own and read paper out loud

Should reach a clear conclusion that supports the thesis

Oral Arguments

The Audience

Credibility

Establish credentials

Admission of modestly

Organization

Beginning

Get the attention of the audience

Referring to the subject or occasion

Using a personal reference

Asking a rhetorical question

Make an attention grabbing statement of fact or opinion

Use a quotation

Tell a funny anecdote

Use an illustration

Middle

Devoted to the development of the claim

End

Should be brief

Language

Keep in mind what words the audience will be familiar with

Make sure not to use language that might offend your audience

Consider the familiarity of your audience with your topic and consider defining terms

Use language with details and examples

Short, direct sentences

Consider using stylistic devices such as repetition, balance, and parallel structure to strengthen message

Support

Same for oral and written

Presentation Aids

Charts, Graphs, Handouts

Audio

Video

Multimedia

Essential Building Blocks =

Do real research

Create a one sentence answer to your research question

Share answer in a believable, understandable and usable way