Heritage Sectional Exam 5
18th and 19th Centuries

Music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Pre-Classical

The Age of Enlightenment

Music for the sake of Music

No lessons

extravagant use of scales

Pure Art

Vienna: The Cosmopolitan Center

midpoint between two great musical traditions

northern Germany

Bach/Handel

Italy

Vivaldi, Opera

Geography

Capital of Hapsburg Empire

Center of intellect (Austrian)

Politics

Empress Maria Theresa and her son Emperor Joseph II

Enlightened Ruler

Emancipated Peasants

Reduced power of the Church

Improved education

Encouraged free press

supported music

Adopted home of great composers

Haydn

Mozart

Beethoven

Continued Changes in Western Society and Politics furing the Enlightenment Period (18t Century Europe)

Humanism

Improved Education

Morality--abhorance of social injustice

Religion weakened

Religious freedom

musical freedom from church

The Pursuit of Happiness

Thomas Jefferson

Education

Musician

Renaissance Man

Cosmopolitanism

the European world was getting smaller

increased communication

Brotherhood

languages adopted

barriers break down

Musical Consumerism

Public could purchase, learn to play, and perform music

instruments at home

Public Concerts

Art and Music were intellectual

Now (1760's) public sphere opened to music

social aspects like opera

Increased and improved elution

People could appreciate maare intellectual music

Classical also took some of the intellectualism from music

Music as Entertainment

Pleasing Variety

Natural Simplicity

Easily Understood/Consumed

Consumerism increased freedom

Purchasing Power

Capitalism

Style features of classic Music of the late 18th Century (compared to the Baroque Period)

Baroque

Highly Organized

Scientific Age

layered

polyphonic

complex

no clear ending

Rococo

French Courts

Artificial

Refusal to acknowledge enlightenment

Musical Fluff

Polyphonic

Frills and Ornaments

Classic

homophonic

natural simplicity

clear melody

pleasing variety

music for the PEOPLE

features

Rhythm

more flexible, detailed. Constant Changes

Dynamics

more variety (piano made this possible)

Melody

clear, memorable melody (repetition of theme with variation)

Texture

Clear, Obvious accompaniment. You hear each piece

Form

New Structure

The Genuis of Mozart

1756-91

Watch Amadeus movie for life story

Important Musical Characteristics in Two of Mozart's Genres

Keyboard Music

Musical Phrases

short, concise, easy to hear (complete sentence)

Music driven by oration (greek Rhetoric and drama)

All is structured around measures and bars

Echo Effects

Repetition of theme and ideas

Memorability

Scilence

Dramatic and Theatrical

Attention Grabber

Virtuosity

Showing off skills

Flourishes (Demanding)

Improvisation

Party goers

improv on a central theme/cadence/chord progression

Rondo Form

A, Bridge, B, A, Bridge, C, D, A, Bridge, B, Cadenza, A Coda

Cadenza: Improv

Round

A=refrain (like chorus in modern music)

Opera Buffa (Comic Opera)

Don Giovanni (1787)

Contemporary Subjects

The role of the Buffo (bass)

Natural simplicity

Baroque Recitative and Aria still in use

Ensemble of voices added

Beethoven

One of the greatest dirsuptive forces in the history of music

the life of a composer during the 18th century

Late Baroque

Composer as an Artisan (1700-1750)

Servants in courts and churches

Educators by necessity

Pre-Classic and Classic

Composer was an artisan with a few new options (1750-1800)

NEW OPTIONS!

Public Concerts

Opera Houses

Ludwig van Beethoven's Options as a composer in Vienna (1792-1827)

Wealthy Patrons

Art for Art's Sake Had to Be Funded

Tone Poet

Beethoven's life in Vienna:

Early (1792-1802)

Classicism expanded

Mozart/Handel/Hayden/Bach

Worked in court system in Bahn

Student of Hayden

Dedicated scores

patrons

more music due to $$$$

New sounds and forms

Middle (1802-1812)

HEroic Period/ Style

Beethoven begins to become aware of deafness

1802 he admits his illness

Moved positively by Napoleon

Eroica (Heroic) Symphony

Bonaparte

To celebrate the MEMORY of a great man

napoleon seized power and lost Beethoven's respect

As technology expends, so does the intricacy of music

Dark and Stormy

Relates to Illness

Late (1812-1827)

Musical Introspection

Personal Tragedies

String Quartets

10000 attended Funeral

Beethoven's Compositions

Specific Works

9 total symphonies and 32 total sonatas

Symphony

Psychological and Emotional Journey

Intensive rhythmic drive

Motivic Consistency

Psychological Progression (4 Act Narrative)

Symphony in C minor, No. 5, Op. 67 (1807-08)

Heethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor Allegro con brio

Death knocking at the door

Constant conflict between fate (death) and hope (liife)

1st MVT: Attention Grabber

Allegro Con Brio

Major and Minor Struggle

2nd MVT: Soft/Calm

Andante

Major and Minor Struggle

3rd MVT: Dance

Scherzo

Major and Minor Struggle

4th MVT: Happy "Sending Out"

Allegro

Major Mode

What is Sonata Form?

Exposition...Development...Recapitulation

Exposition

Large, Diverse Opener

Themes, Bridges, Closings and cadences

Development

Details and Change

Recapitulation

review of the exposition

Symphony in D minor, No. 9, Op. 125 (1818-1824)

4th Movement

Brief introduction

review and rejection of earlier movement themes

proposal of joy theme

Fredrich Shiller

Ode to Joy

Education provides freedom

TEXT PAINTING

return to tulultuous intro

Forms break down

bass rectiative "friends, not these sounds"

choral exposition w/ orchestra of Joy theme

Conversational Style of Piece

Double Fugue

2 themes. Overlapping. Polyphony.

Brilliant Choral and Orchestral Coda

Characteristics

Early Romantic Artist

Self-Expression

Importance of the Individual

Earlier Classicism

Human Vsalues

Simpler, more natural expression

19th Century Trends

Musical Forms exploited dramatic possibilities

Catch words

individual style

revolt

artistic freedom

and a restless, endless search for a higher artistic experience through musical expression

the BOHEMIAN MUSICIAN was born

Strategic Layering

Meaning/Narrative Form

Our consciousness cannot achieve immortality, but we still seek it

immortality/legacy underlies motives

Neo-Classics: Music to create a concrete reality

MUSIC transcends Morality

Romanticism

Franz Schubert

ERLKONIG

Poem by J.W. von Goethe

Subject: Death

Horse Gallop in Music

Painting: Liszt, Hugo, Paganini, George Sand, Dumas, Byron, Beethoven

Feeling is Everything

Everyday life seemed dull and meaningless to romantics

at the heart of the Romanticism

triving for a higher, ideal state, transcended through the exercise of the will and through passion

The rule of feeling, unconstrained by concention, religion or social taboo, becomes the highest good

But in music, the expression of emotion destroys form

Form (or design) is static

Emotion is active and spontaneous

Forms break down under the weight of feeling

Romantic Melody

Emotionally Expressive and Effusive

Wider Melody lines

Wider

Larger Leaps

Bigger Range

Sustained climaxes

Romantic Rhythm and phrases

irregular

more improvisatory feeling

Romantic Harmony

underpins the emotionality of melody

an adjective to the noun melody

savored for its own sake

chromaticism

use of all 12 tones of an octave

Wagner

Tristan and Isolde

Romantic Tempo

Rubato

Flexible rhythm/tempo

Exoressive/Emotive qualiity

Trends:

Grandiose forms

Miniature Forms

Thematic Unity and Transformation

Shock of the Loud!

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)

the Father of Romanticism?

The noble savage and nature

Antidote to civilization?

"Romantic" adopted from the literary movement's name for itself

from roman (a novel or story)

first romantic composers began their careers in the mid 1820s

Their literary contemporaries excited about the new romantic music

the music takes a literary approach to musical expression

Romantic Fascinations

Nostalgia

Nature

The Supernatural

Death, Suicide

19th Century: The Age of Revolutions

July Revolution of 1830

workers in Paris challenged the government [reaction to heavy, reactionary rule of Charles X]

Sparked violence in Germany, Italy, Spain., Portugal, Poland, and Belgium

1848

Revolutions across Europe

Marx and Engels published The Communist Manifesto

2nd Republic (1848-52) followed by Napoleon III 2nd empire (1852-70)

Composers and Libertatarian Politics

Beethoven's Buonaparte Symphony

named the Eroica Symphony

Liszt's involvement in a half-communist, half-religious movement

Verdi's name becomes an acronym for Italian liberation movement

Wagner kicked out of Germany for inflamatory Speeches

The Perceived Superiority of Instrumental Music

(1830) Symphony Fantastique

Hector Berlioz

The Idee fixe

a musical signature that is transformed during the course of the symphony according to the emotional state of the character

Tells a story. Literally.

uses a theme to express feelings

MVT. 5 Dream of a Witches' Sabbath

Nocturne in F# Major, Op. 15, No. 2,

Frederic Chopin

Form is ABA (three part)

Time's Effect on the Material

How has the passage of time changed the main theme?

Is it a matter of personal experience of change?

Pictures at an Exhibition

Modeste Musorgsky

History

Age of Revolution

Comparative Chrolology:
Series of Violent and Nonviolent Uphevals

Economic Movements in the past create revolutions in the future**

1688

England's Glorious Revolution deposes the country's last absolutist monarch, James II

1689

The English Bill of Rights establishes constitutional monarchy in England

1690

John Locke (English) advences political philosophy with Two Treatises of Government

1701

Jethro Tull (English) invents the seed drill, which revolutionizes farming

1765

James Watt (English) invents the first practical steam engine

1774

Goethe (German) revolutionizes literature with the romantic Sorrows of Young Werther

1775-83

American Revolution

Economic Front

taxes (no taxation without representation)

plantatons still used slaves

Britian still invested largely in US economy

Wealthy white men wrote documents

failure to integrate society

Cultural front

Americans still protestant, white, english people

Look to britian for Arts and Literature

Same national anthems

Subaltern front

Native Americans and poor whites and blacks

still excluded

Revolution?

Questionable.

1776

Adam Smith (Scottish) revolutionizes economics with The Wealth of Nations

1779

Samuel Crompton (English) incents the spinning mule for the mass production of thread

1781

Immanuel Kant (German) revolutionizes philosophy with Critique of Pure Reason

1785

Richard Cartwright (English) invents the power loom, revolutionizing textile production

1789-99

French Revolution

Storming the Bastille

Seven Years War Against Britain

Conspicuous consumption of the rich

Versailles

Mary Antionette

Let them eat cake

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Lafayette, Jefferson, etc.

General EXCHANGE of IDEAS

Revolution?

Almost EVERYTHING changed. Even Calendar

YES.

1791

Haitian Revolution begins; independence declared in 1804

1794

Eli Whitney (USA) patents his cotton gin; he also pioneers interchangable parts

1802

William Symington (Scottish) launches the first comercial steamboar

1804

Beethoven (German) revolutionizes music with his proto-Romantic 3rd (Eroica) symphony and subsequent works

1807

Britian abolshes its slave trade and encourages other countries to do the same

1808

Naopleon Bonaparte invades Spain and Portugal

1810-25

Spanish-American Wars of Independence begin

1812

JMW Turner (English) revolutionizes landscape painting with Snowstorm: Hannibal Crossing the Alps and subsequent works

1815

Napoleon Defeated by British forces at the Battle of Waterloo

1821

Mexico achieves independence

Overthrow of Tyrant

Revolution?

Questionable.

1822

Brazil declares independence, peacefully, and an empire rather than a republic

1826

Nicephore Niepce (French) produces the world's first photograph

8 hour exposure

1829

George Stephenson (English) launches the railway age with the commercial locomotive

1830

Revolutions in France, the Netherlands, and Poland

1831

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1835-6

Texas War of independence (a.k.a. Texas Revolution)

Samuel Colt (USA) patents the modern revolver

1837

Henry Morse (USA) patents his telegraph and invents "Morse Code" for its use

1840

Rowland Hill (English) invents the postage stamp

1848

Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels (Germans) write the Communist Manifesto, predicting capitalism's downfall

The Year of Revolution

Wave of revolutions across Europe, Especially France, the Austrian Empire, and Many German and Italian states

All but the French revolution failed

1854

Founding of the Republican party by abolishionists (liberals) in the USA

1855

Revolution of Ayutla marks the rise of liberalism in Mexico

Henry Bessemer (English) patents his steel converter, revolutionizing the building of bridges, railroads, ships, and guns

1861-5

the US Civil War

1862-7

The French Intervention in Mexico (Mexico vs. France and Austria)

1864-70

War of the Triple Alliance (a.k.a. Paraguayan War, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay VS. Paraguay

1864-71

Wars of German Unification

1867-9

The Meiji Restoration

Japanese Revolution

Periodization

Beware of prejudices to be able to justify your arguments w/ documentation and a global perspective

Zeitgeist vs. Chain of Events

Chain of Events

Con: Chains leave out possibilities

Pro: small things do impact larger things

But longterm prediction is IMPOSSIBLE

Chaos Theory

Zeitgeist

spirit of the times

the same ideas that started revolutions were part of the spirit of the thinkers who spread their thoughts globally, influencing future change

Defining Revolution

usually political/violent

but other factors are present

Economic:

does the economy reflect the shift in power?

Cultural:

are there changes in culture?

Subaltern

poor experience change?

How much does a revolution change

depends on perspective

poor

not much

rhich

of course!

Could Revolution be sanctioned by God?

English Bill of Rights

Papal Mandate of Heaven==Arbitrary Power

Effects of the Age of Revolution

Notions of Autonomy => Downfall of Religious Sentiments

Self Evidency

A Priori

Any human who reads the constitution can understand it for himself without the aid of religious institutions

What exactly is Democracy?

equality

Moral ONLY. NOT economic

Women's Rights

Milton: Gender Role Swap

Adam

Emotional

Eve

Rational

Twelfth Night

Role Reversal

Cunning women

Swooning Men

Antigone

Role Reversal

Othello

Iago's reason preys on Othello's emotion

Othello's wife avant convince him to rationally spare her life

Hume

Reason is the slave of passions

Kant

Ethic comes from reason

Argumentum AD-HOMONIM

argument against the man or for the man

American Wars

What Should they know of America who only America Know?

Exceptionalism

The U.S. Mexican War

The War over Texas

TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, and UT (and parts of CO, WY, KS, and OK) used to belong to Mexico

Austin and the Mexican state Coahuila y Texas; by 1827, there are 12000 US citizens in Texas

by 1835 there are 35000 Anglos; cf. 8000 Mexicans

Saltillo, Coah. for legal/gov't bsusiness.

Cultural tensions

Attitudes

Laws

March 1863, the Texans declared independence; Gen. Santa Anna

The Alamo: William Travis, Jim Bowe, Davie Crocket, and 200 others killed

San Jacinto: 630 Mexicans executed except for Santa Anna

Treaty of Velasco (1836)

The Rio Grande, The Rio Nueces, the Rio Bravo?

Contrasts between Mexico and the United States

Mexican Instability

Liberals vs. Conservatives

literally violent, warring situation between political parties

Santa Anna himself a destabilizing force

converted patriot, became president

External Threats

1838, French warships briefly seize veracruz

The Economy

the Mexican war for independence left the economy in tatters

Silver Mines lay Dormant

Army a drain on the treasury: liberal and conservative antagonism

Foreign victimization

spain's colonial policy; gouging lending by British banks; American ambassadors meddled; Spanish and French tried to invade

U.S. Stability

economic growth, geographic expansion, exceptionalism

Manifest Destiny

The War of North American Intervention

President James K. Polk: Proposal:25 Million for California and New Mexico

January 1846: General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande and Polk drafts declaration of war

Josefina Vazquez, Mexico and the United States, p. 43

Mexico has shed American blood on American soil

U.S. captures Mexico city in the fall of 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

$15 Million in repairations and payment for land.

ESSENTIALLY A THEFT.

forced cession of territory

Consequences

Mexico lost half its territory

USA enlarged by 50% and gained another coastline

Reinforced prejudices on both sides

Strengthened nationalism on both sides

Nationalism

advocacy of or support for the interests of one's own nation, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

expressed through political advocacy

Compared to Patriotism:

general sentiment

War creates a sense of unity

The U.S. Civil War

Nationalism

zeitgeist. Product of the times

Nothing unique.

Growing pains of a new, growing nation

States' Rights

Centralism and Regionalism

The First Modern War

Not really

How to combat Exceptionalism

Be aware of a world outside the U.S.

View civil war not as something unique, but an event that obeyed social and chronological conventions elsewhere

Taiping Rebelllion

3x the amount of deaths as Civil war

Opportunity for introspection

The New Imperialism

The Russian Revolution

The First World War

Literature

Romantic Poetry

Alexander Pope

Essay on Man (1733)

Don't step out of your place. Stay and work where society has placed you.

Deontological Statement

Kant's ethic

Kantian ZEITGEIST

Valuing the STATUS QUO

Aristocracy & Monarchy

Subject: Society/State

The Great Chain of Being

Platonism

Forms

Human Mind

God

Call for balance and symmetry

NEOCLASSICISM

Focus on Science, Religion, Morality, The rational and empirical, and how it is all intertwined

Third Person:

General and Absolute Truth

Didactic

Poet speaks FOR society

a social insider

Rhyming Iambic Pentameter: Heroic Couplers

CHARACTERISTICS

Symmetry, balance, limitations, obtainable goals, scientific, moderation, proportion, order, decorum

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Tintern Abbey

Enjambment

Tension between lines

Reflects desire for freedom/no limits

ROMANTIC

Contains the first person.

Personal Truth through Experience

An Outsider in Exile

Values REVOLUTION

Individual Rights

Enlightenment Thought

The Natural World

no rhyme

blank verse

CHARACTERISTICS

Freedom, Transcendental Limits, Human aspiration, unbounded hope, subjective imagination, extreme states, breaking out of bounds, energy, movement

A posteriori

the mind creates reality

The Prelude

The Boat Stealing Episode

Nature is a combination of Morality and huge forms

The two combined offer us consciousness

Nature offers consciousness

The mind creates the forms

High Hopes in 1789-91

Human nature seeming born again

idealism

rety could be freed from all oppression

a Compensatory Philosophy

The Dream Counts, Not Reality

Potentiality is Greater than Actuality

the potential to be

Defining Romanticism?

Worship/praise of the human mind's ability to create reality

Beauty of nature==beauty of human imagination

The mind creates ALL

Blake

Innonence to Excperience

Understanding the detriment Society undergoes

Chimney Sweepers

Innonence

Deontological Duty: Help society => Heaven

Not really a social critique

First day as a chimney sweep: not too bad

Experience

Dehumanization

Little black thing

Satire

SOCIAL CRITIQUE

Bitter

Because I appear happy, everyone goes on with their lives and make a heaven of our misery

People don't follow the Categorical Imperative

Duty? Different forms of Duty

The second day and so on...things get bad.

Where is God?

The Human Mind = God/Creator

Immortality?

Soul is immortal when it realizes the infinitude of itself

Children can do it much easier than adults

Historical Opinions of The French Revolution

PRO

The First (or Constitutional phase) of the French Revolution (1789-1792)

The Tennis Court Oath (1789)

The Storming of the Bastille (1789)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

These events were the cause of enlightenment values

Brotherhood

Equality

Liberty

CON

The Second and latter phases and their aftermath

The September Massacres (1792)

The Reign of Terror (1793-94)

Robespierre and the Committee for Public Safety (put Rousseau's idea of the general will into action

the despotism of liberty

Napoleon's seizing power (1799)

Betrayal of the Values of the Enlightenment

However, Romantics use their minds to turn a LOSS into a VICTORY

Shift in values

Before/Enlightenment Values

Outer, Public, Reason, Judgment, General Truths, Abstract Truths, Common Sense, Following Rules, Imitating the Ancients

After/Romantic Values

Inner Reality, Private vision, sensibility, feeling, particular experiences, concrete particulars, personal perception, seeking originality, autobiography, genius

Emancipatory Narratives

Chronology

c. 1813

Harriet Jacobs born into slavery in Edenton, North Carolina

1817 or 18

Frederick Douglass born into slavery in Maryland

1831

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1838

Douglass escapes, leaving Baltimore by ship

1841

Douglass speaks at an anti-slavery meeting in Nantucket, Mass.

1842

Harriet Jacobs escapes slavery

1845

Douglass publishes his narrative

1848

Seneca Falls, women's rights convention

1859

John Brown occupies arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia

1861

Jacobs publishes Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl under the name Linda Brent

1861-65

The U.S. Civil War

1863-65

Jacobs and her daughter go to Southern U.S. to help refugees, open a school for them in Virginia

after 1865

Douglass assistant secretary of the Santo Domingo Commission

U.S. minister to Hati

1895

Harriet Jacobs dies

1897

Fredrick Douglass Dies

1981

Jean Fagin Yellin determines that Jacobs is the author of Incidents

Fredrick Douglass

The Aunt Hester Episode

why does Captain Anthony Whip Douglass's
Aunt?

sexual jealosy

What makes this episode an effective opening?

emphasis of whiteness

blood-stained gate--takes reader on a journey

puts the reader in the child's shoes

innonence to experience

What, to the American Slave, is your 4th of July?

Hegelian Dialectic

Thesis: Declaration of Independence

Antithesis: 3/5ths representation of slave to man

Synthesis: Ammendment

Douglas says to ammend the constitution

Douglass an enlightenment thinker

Peaceful, not like Nat Turner's Violent rebellion

What were the Enlightenment principles and values that douglass espoused?

nonviolence

sonstitutional

commitment to founding principles

reason is the guide

people have natural rights

Government is created by the people

Self-evidency

Objective Truths

Critique establishment

Who mainly comprised the original audience for Douglass's Narrative?

Women. Northern Women.

Women's rights came out of abolishion

Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860 (1960): What four qualities were worshiped in the true woman?

Purity

Sexually/Morally

Piety (Religiousness)

Domesticity

Submissive to Male Husband

Mrs. Auld Episode

What were Douglass's expectations of this new mistress (Mrs. Sophia Auld)?

Kindness/Compassion

What surprised him about her, and why was he surprised?

the demonhood and immorality that came out of being a slaveholder

How was Sophia Auld affected by being a slave holder?

piety to demon

purity to immorality

How does Douglass use the values of true womanhood to sway his audience?

you cannot be a good christian and a slaveholder

Literacy

Is douglass correct about the power of learning? Is literacy the key to freedom today? Do all oppressed peoples feel that education is the key to freedom?

the six cents episode

what are the implications here for one or more of the following

the value of work

the meaning of money

the relationship between slave and slaveholder

what issues does this episode reveal as serious concerns of Douglass

Arrival in New Bradford episode

what suprises Douglass about New Bradford when he arrives?

What conclusions had he drawn while in the South about work and Wealth?

What new conclusions must he draw in New Bradford?

What economic theory is he implying?

What conclusions must be drawn as a result of his observations? How do Douglass's ideas on wealth and on the value of work compare and contrast with those of Marx?

Harriet Jacobs

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

BROKE the SCILENCE about SEXUAL ISSUES w/ SLAVERY

Jacob's choice

Should Jacobs have done this? What would a northern white woman say in 1861?

How are we, 150 years later, in 2011, to understand her choice?

Was abstaining from sex an option for Jacobs in 1829, when she was 16?

There is no such thing as consentual sexual relations for a slave

but what about motives: better treatment?

Acquiesence, but not freedom to choose. Even AMONG SLAVES

Morality sacrificed for economic procreation

Politics cannot leave the bedroom

Was marrying a man she loved an option?

How do you respond to the option tht Jacobs created for herself?

Facts are morally neutral

IS

Facts

OUGHT

Facts w/ social conventions

HOW do we make VALUE judgments?

Master's Wife in the Big House = Ole' Miss

Realism in Fiction

the NOVEL

What is a novel? What Characterizes this literary genre? What is distinct about it?

concerned with the development of a character over time. All about character's development, time, setting, etc.

What is signigificant about literary genres in general? Why study them?

genre:literature::species:evolution

Aristotle's Literary Categories

Lyric

Dramatic

Epic

Modern Imaginative Literature

Poetry

Plays

Prose Fiction

Novel

Short Story

Formal Realism? Conventions?

The Epic vs. The Novel

Epic:

Gilgamesh/Iliad/Mahabharata/Quixote/Beowulf

Novel

Setting

Real places, detail, real moments in history

Characters

deapth and background, first and last names, development over time

Treatment of Time

movement closer to everyday experience

Language

not elevated, words correspond to objects

Plot

causal relation between probable events

Historical reason for development of Novel in the west

George Lukacs

The Novel is the epic of a world abandoned by God

Unidealized reality

Printing press

protestant reformatio

empiricism in science and philosophy

democracy

capitalism

rise of middle class

What is the novel especially good at presenting?

human character, middle class, clash or ideologies (political/scientific), realism/verisimilitude, sense of felt life, irony, fallen from the ideal

What is REALISM

Definition

Objective treatment of ordinary reality

objects a sentimental/romantic approach

Movement to uncover phenomenal system

real/everyday experiences are taken seriously

accurately and profoundly set in a definite period

Historical Differences

Middle Ages

God/Plato's Realm of Being

Noumenal World

Truth

Universals and abstrations

Modern World

The Realm of Becoming

The Material World/Phenomenal

Truth

Particulars

Classes of objects/rigidity

Goal:

Show deficiencies of existing ideologies and present society

make the ideal obviously unrealizable

Flaubert

Madame Bovary (1856)

What ideals does Emma take in Through her reading?

similar to Quixote. She wants an idealized reality.

How well does Emma's life live up to the expectations she gets from these sentimental romances?

It does not. Her husband is grotesque and the details of his face present a direct conflict with her desired reality

What techniques does Flaubert use for rendering reality into fiction in this passage?

thinginess

detail

Uses little to no narrative commentary: Lets the reader decide

Chekhov

No Narrative Commentary

Religion

Fredrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834)

What is Love?

Thinking

Acting

Feeling

The Prinary essence of religion if feeling

Religion is not simply an activity, thought, doctrine, or belief

Moravians--Pietism

faith and belief that God's grace is the only requirement for salvation

Focus on the sensations of religious experience

belief

full body religiosity

works

personal relation with Jesus Christ

Questions about Enlightenment Assumptions

Human reason can decipher the universe

rationalism and empirical evidence are more acceptable than religion

Knowledge of god in experience

acknowledgement that there is no objective knowledge of God

Kant's "turn to the subject"

Implications for God

no objective knowledge of God

We can only know God through Human Reason

Minimalism

Space, time, causality dnzbld us to perceive all else

Implications for Religion

Pre-Conscious Feeling

Religion is not intellectual/behavioral, but rather a Primordial awareness

feeling of

piety (religiousness)

Being
Life
Oneness with the All/Infinite

Fundamentally Mystical

sense/desire for the infinite/unity/connection

Who we are and where we fit

Orientation vis-a-vis the universe

We feel how things impact us, not the things themselves

Religion is a unifier and orienter

we are the Children of God

We are a small, but important part of a glorious whole

Terms:

Doctrine

true religion includes doctrines and dogmas, but they must come out of feeling

Scripture

glorious production that has a role, but servile reference makes it a monument to the past/an idol.

Focus on FEELING, not scripture

God

A particular conception of God is only PART of religious experience

We are constantly becoming more conscious of God

The Whence of the all

Fromwhere

Source of all that is

World

A good place because it allows us to experience ourselves in relation to the all

Evil

No such thing as Evil.

Anything obstructing our relation with god

EVIL is subjective

Perversions exist (crusades/inquisitions) but are not religious.

Often secondary concepts

Jesus

the way to experience God

Immprtality

not the experienxe of a world beyond this world

and NOT a heaven

the PRESENT experience of unity with the infinite

Fleeting Experience

Art

Rococo

Art for the Jaded Aristocracy

Art as Decor

Art for elite

Boudiour

Art not for public display

Fragonard

Sensual

Lighthearted

Symbol of lost virginity

Neoclassical

The "True Style"

Influenced by ideas of 18th Century archaeologist, Winkelmann, who suggested that "The only way to become great is by imitation of the ancients

noble simplicity and grandeur

Artists should dip their brush in intellect

In Sober Reason

Movement away from art as decor/for elite

Different patronage and purpose

Truth and Reason

Reflection of the seriousness of the enlightenment

sober, almost monochromatic, simple, classically inspired

Recreation of a Story to Show a Moment

Characteristics

Purified, Austere, Highly Idealized, Controlled, Iconic, Rhetorical Style

David

Selflessness

Higher Value: Selflessness

Lower Value: Emotonalism

The living Horatii brother killed his sister for mourning the death of his other brothers

Deontological Patriotism

devotion regardless of the consequences

Gender Differentiation

Males: Upright

Duty (Sublime)

Females: Amlost Spineless

Senses (Beautiful)

Kant's Sublime and Beautiful

The Didactic Call

To Monarch

During Revolution

An incon for revolution

Self Portrait

Changed Visual Culture

Pro-Regicide

Revolutionary

Murdered in Bathtub

Unpretentious, simple detail

Dark Space

Isolation of Death

Compare to Michaelangelo's Pieta

Secular Pieta

Marat was an Athiest

Death of Socrates

Rectilinear

Women to Back

Sketches of Napoleon (c. 1796)

Napoleon in his study, 1812

Time on clock shows Naoleon's work ethic

working into the night for his people

Napoleon crossing the alps

Propaganda

Equestrian Portrait

Symbol of POWER

Angelica Kauffman

Compare to Oath of Horatiii

Morally Uplifting

Children are a mother's most precious jewels/treasure

Gericault

Romantic

A Way of Feeling

Delacroix

Lion hunt (1854)

Violent and Exotic

Preference to represent the violent

Not for rational mind, but the animal/ primal side of human nature

Disorder, Loose Brushwork

Circularity

Chaos and Action

Chaos

Circularity

Deontological Duty

King orders distruction, it is done.

Spiteful representation?

Action and Motive Depicted

The most bequtiful works of art are those that express the pure imagination of the artist

Passionately in love with passion

Turner

Valley of Acosta--Snowstorm, Avalanche, Thunderstorm (1836-37)

Sublime terror of nature

How nature responds to human horror

Not understood, but felt

Rain, Steam, and Speed--The Great Western Railway, (1844)

Machienery overtakes Nature

Art portrays EXPERIENCE

expression of feeling

Realism

Social Responsibility of the Artist

Mimesis

Francisco Goya

Spanish

The End of the Enlightenment

The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (1799)

Etching

Doubting the Enlightenment

Skepticism

Saturn Devouiring His Son (1820-23)

Mythical Subject of dark themes

conflict between enlightenment and real

Disasters of War print series (1810-14), (published 1863)

"I Saw It"

New Depiction

BRUTALITY!

First socialist, realist painting

critical conceptual

realism w/o rationality

Gustave Courbet

French

Everyday Life

The Stone Breakers (1850)

Critique

Nobody could dent that a stone-breaker is as worthy a subject in art as a prince or any other individual. But at least let your stone-breaker not be an object as insignificant as the stone he is breaking.

realist depicted middle and lower class subjects

accessibility of middle and lower class to art

Many were rebel socialists who were imprisoned

Representation of visual forms

NEGATION on IDEAL

humility shows grit of their work

Critique

common, trivial, and grotesque

one almost falls into the grave

depicts middle class and peasants

secular

rough, thick, pointing

heavy effect

lack of cohesive narrative

Ideas

Painting is the representation of visible forms

The art of painting should consist only in the representation of objects which the artist can see and tough

Show me an angel and I'll paint one

The essence of realism is the negation of the ideal

Realism is domocract in art

Jean Francois Millet

French

Rural Realities

rural farmer painted by a wealthy painter

he was not political, but his work was interpreted as though he was

FRANKNESS

hard work

Infusion of passion

non-realistic

Rosa Bonheur

French

Successful Female Artist

Man and Animal

Energy

Break from realism

Matter of Fact in everything, American Style

Edouard Manet

French

Current Events

The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian (1867)

critical of empirical rule/imperialism

reminder of Goya

Lacks moral narrative, but criticizes french position in Mexico

Haystacks

(1890)

Impressionism

Blurred, Generalized, Study of Light/Color, subject not as important

Optics

Impressionism

Claude Monet

"For me, a landscape does not exist in its own right, since its appearance changes at every moment; but the surrounding atmosphere brings it to life--the light and the air which vary continually. For me, it is only the surrounding atmosphere which gives the subjects their true value."

French

Impressionists were rejected from France

They are impressionists in the sense that they render not a landscape, but the sensation produced by a landscape

The goal of instantaneity

Optics

Focus on impact of a subject on the eyes

Light, color, angles, changing of day

the eyes

Cezanne: "Monet is only an eye, buy my God, what an eye?"

Money told a young artist

the innocent eye

when you go out to paint, try to forget what objects you have before you--a tree, a house, a field, or whatever. Merely think, here is a little square of blue, here an oblong of pink, here a streak of yellowm and paint just as it looks to you, the exact color and shape, until it gives you your own naive impression of the scene before you

pollution in background

fishermen making money

landscapes don't exist. The surrounding atmosphere gives it value

fleeting experience

Renoir

Monet painting in his garden (1837)

Natural Light

innacuracy of vision

Ripple from the rationalist philosophy

The Frog Pond (1869)

scene of ejoyment

Luncheon of the Boating Party (1880-81)

color, light in shallow space

leisure

Berthe Morisot

French

Motherhood

Woman in real situations

The Cradle (1872)

physical and ephemeral approach

visual shorthand

loose brushwork = motion and fluidity

Abstract

Mary Cassatt

American

Motherhood

Mother and Child in Bed (1897)

Girl Arranging her Hair (1886)

Clear

Woman Bathing (1891)

Flat color, cartoonistic, almost like a drawing

Japonisme

Modern art more influenced by japonisme than photography

Ando Hiroshige (1850's)

Japanese Wood Block Prints

Urban Life

Domestic Scenes

IMPERIALISM

Com. Matthew Perry

Edouard Manet

French

Modern Life

Realism and Impressionism

Detail is unnecessary at a distance

holistic approach

realism in monotony

Dr. Edgar Degas

French

Movement

Baudelaire: "Modernity in the transitory, the fleeting, the contingent"

unevenness of space

vision is limited and we cannot see everything

Memory=past.

painting is an IDEA of EXPERIENCE

Hegelian Dialectic:

Neoclassicism+Baroque=Impressionism

The Becoming, not the Actualized

Reason + Feeling = Hegel

Philosophy

Epistemology/Metaphysical

Immanuel Kant

I was awakened by Hume from my dogmatic slumbers

No perception of necessity

No perception of causality for it would produce an impression

Perceive the conjunction of happening

Cause and Effect

Principle of Custom

Gemera;ozatopm

Psychological

Habituated expectation

Science is the study of causality

Hume's science is not possible

How? Kant.

Where is the necessity in causality?

What shall we plead on behalf of metaphysics?

Hume says NO METAPHYSICS

embrace skepticism

Descartes is pro-Metaphysics

To get around Hume, we change our idea of the mind and of objectivity

Another Copernican Revolution?