French and Indian War

Britain began to tighten its control over the North American colonies, instituting mercantilism and complete governmental authority. Angered colonists, who began to unify against Parliament.

Paine's "Common Sense" published as well as the Declaration of Independence, reinforcing enlightenment ideas in the colonies.

Enlightenment ideology spreads from colonies to Europe, igniting spirit of rebellion in French. Abolishment of slavery occurs.

News of rebellion reaches Haiti, sparking bloody uprising of the black slaves against their white masters. Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

After overthrowing the traditional French colonial government, Haiti became independent country on January 1, 1804. Jean Jaques Dessalines named ruler of new country.

Brazil declared independence from Portugal of 7 September 1822. Portugal did not recognize declaration at first; fought with Brazil for three years until they were forced to acknowledge Brazil's independence in 1825.

Rebellion led to the establishment of constitutional monarchy in Portugal, which pressed to restore Brazil to a colony, rather than an empire rivaling Portugal. Brazil upset by this, but reluctant at first to rebel.

Brazil was dealing with its own political turmoil when the French arrived in Portugal. Power rested in the white minority, leaving the indigenous population powerless.

France, now led by Napoleon, invades Portugal in 1807. Rio de Janero (Brazil) becomes new capital of Portuguese empire.

Enlightenment ideology spreads from colonies to Europe, igniting spirit of rebellion in French. Abolishment of slavery occurs.

Paine's "Common Sense" published as well as the Declaration of Independence, reinforcing enlightenment ideas in the colonies.

Britain began to tighten its control over the North American colonies, instituting mercantilism and complete governmental authority. Angered colonists, who began to unify against Parliament.