Introduction to Linguistcs
Topic principal
What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the study of language; Linguistics helps us understand the structure of language, uses, variations, and the influence of language on the way people think
Phonetics
What is?
Is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production and classification of speech sounds
Focuses on the vocal organs that interact with each other, for example:
The lips
The tongue
Teeth
Phonology
What is?
Is the study of how the sounds of speech are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning
Elemental English
Irregular verbs end in Ed
Called
Loved
Studied
Regular verb have a unique form
Hit
Hurt
Put
Morphology
What is?
Is the study of the internal construction of words or morphemes
Are commonly classified
Free Morphemes
In
Simple Words
The
Run
Well
Compound Words
Heyboard
Smartphone
Greenhouse
Bound Morphemes
And
Inflectional Morphme
Modify
Noun
s or es
Girls
Adjective
er or est
Larger
Verb
ed, ing or en
Walking
Derivationals Morphemes
It changes the semantic mening of a word
Prefixes
Suffixes
Syntax
Refers to words order and depends on lexical categories (parts of spech) linguistics takes a dfrent approach to thense categories and separates words into morpholical and syntactic grups
Open class words
Noun + Plural ending
Verb + Tense endings
Adjetives + Er/ Est
Adverbs Adj + Ly
Closed class words
Determines
A, The, This, That
Auxiliary Verbs
Forms of be, Have, Mey
Ptepositions
At, In, On, Under
Conjuncions
And, But, Or
Semantics
What is?
Is concerned with the meaings of words and the meaning of relationships among words while phasalsemantics is concerned withthe meaning of syntactic units larger than the words
As a result
Formal Semantics
Uses thecniques from math, philosopy, and logic to analize the broader relationship between languaje and reality, truth as possibility
Lexical Semantics
Deconstruct word and phrases within a line of text to understand the meanings in terms of contex
Conceptual Semantics
Deals with the most basic concept and form of a word before our thoughts and feelings added context to it
Pracmatics
What is?
It is the study of the use of linguistic signs, words, and sentences, in real situations; understand what people mean when they use language and how they communicate and understand each other
Maxims of Conversation
The speaker should be as informative as is required and neither more nor less
Performative Sentences
A speaker is the subject who, by uttering the sentence, is accomplising some additional action, these sentences are all affirmative declarative and in the present tense.
Daring
Resigning
Nominating
Presuppositions
These are implicit assumptions required to make a sentence meaninful.
Deixis
Is reference to a person, object, or event which relies on the situational context
Firs and second person pronouns
My
Mine
You
Demonstrative articles
This
That
These
Those
Your
Yours
Also analyzes the concept of voice
Voiced Sounds
Boy /bɔɪ/
Dog /dɑg/
Cat /kæt/
Voiceless Sound
King /kɪŋ/
House /ˈhaʊs/
Tiger /ˈtaɪgɚ/
Classification of speech sounds
These are in:
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
It uses a single symbol to describe each different sound in the language, for Example:
A /eI/
B /bi:/
C /si:/
D /di:/
Subcategory
Transitive Verbs
Take a ditect object
For example: To eat I ate a pear
Intransitive Verbs
Take a indirect object
For example: To sit I was setting on the chair
In english, in past tense verbs ending in "ed" can be prononced in different ways
t, d, id
Phonemes V
Are the smallest units of sound
Pat and Bat
Pat and Pet
Allophones
Are different ways to pronounce a phoneme based on its environment in a word
Little
The two allohone of "L" are different, which is known as "Complementary distribution"