Macronutrients: 4 main types of nutrients required in large amounts
IMF
structure
related to the types of functional groups
shape and size of the molecule is important too
structure
monomer
small chemical molecules that can be connected to make larger molecules
polymer
chemical molecule made up of many smaller monomers joined together
Carbohydrates
structure
monosaccharides
glycosidic bond(linkage)
covalent bond that joins a sugar molecule to another group
function
fast energy source
monosaccharides
smallest units of any carbohydrates
alpha configuration: the hydroxyl group on C1 is pointing towards the opposite of the OH on C6
beta configuration: OH group on C1 and C6 are pointing the same direction
glucose: main source of energy for humans / 6 carbons
galactose
fructose
disaccharides
formed by bonding two monosaccharides through condensation reaction
condensation: reaction in which H2O is released
hydrolysis(reverse): reaction in which H2O is absorbed
maltose: alpha glucose+alpha glucose
glycosidic linkage: alpha 1-4 bond
lactose: b-glucose + b-galactose
b 1-4 bond
found in milk
sucrose: a-glucose + b-fructose
glucose a1-b2 fructose bond
C1 of glucose and C2 of fructose is involved
b-fructose is flipped over
formed by plants and not by animals
oligosaccharides
short chain of monosaccharides
less than 20
maltotriose: three glucose bonded together
polysaccharides
most carbohydrates in nature occur in this form
homopolysaccharides: contain only a single type of monosaccharide
starch
storage form in plants
built with glucose molecules
amylose: unbranched/only a1-4 glycosidic bonds
amylopectin: branched/a 1-4 bonds and a1-6 bonds
branch points occur every 24-30 glucose residues
glycogen
storage of a-glucose in animals
branch point occur every 8-12 residues
extran
structural component in bacteria and yeast
a103 glycosidic bond and a1-6
cellulose
structural component of plant cell walls
unbranched homopolysaccharides consisting thousands of b-glucose
hydrogen bonds connect each polysaccharide
heteropolysaccharides: contain 2 or more types of monosaccharides
Lipids(fats)
Structure
Fatty acids+glycerol
Carbon/hydrogen/oxygen
Function
long-term energy source
build cell membranes
Proteins
Structure
monomer: amino acids
carbon/hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen
Function
Nuleic Acids
Structure
nucleotides
carbon/oxygen/hydrogen/phosphorous
Function
DNA and RNA