Non-classical Computing

https://www.britannica.com/science/quantumQuantum means the smallest possible discrete unit of...

https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explainedA field of science to explain what happens on the really small scale.They have the potential to rapidly accelerate the development of artificial intelligence.Quantum computers operate using the same quantum properties as the molecules they’re trying to simulate.Instead of bits, quantum computers use qubits. Rather than just being on or off, qubits can also be in what’s called ‘superposition’ – where they’re both on and off at the same time, or somewhere on a spectrum between the two.

https://www.quantum-inspire.com/kbase/what-is-a-qubit/Qubits= "Quantum Bits"In classical computing the information is encoded in bits, where each bit can have the value zero or one. In quantum computing the information is encoded in qubits.Difference between Bit and QubitBit = 1 or 0Qubit= 1 and 0

When a pair of Electrons share spatial proximately its called Quantum Entanglement -One will go down, other goes up instantly https://youtu.be/fkAAbXPEAtU- 5:23https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-entangle/Quantum entanglement is a physical resource, like energy, associated with the peculiar nonclassical correlations that are possible between separated quantum systems. Entanglement can be measured, transformed, and purified.

https://jqi.umd.edu/glossary/quantum-superpositionThe feature of a quantum system whereby it exists in several separate quantum states at the same time.

https://www.slashgear.com/intel-hot-qubits-could-literally-heat-up-quantum-computing-15616960/#:~:text=The%20nature%20of%20qubits%2C%20which,mostly%20because%20of%20two%20factors.qubits only operate at extremely low temperaturesHOWEVER, Intel and QuTech announced a breakthrough in technology that would allow qubits (therefore quantum computing systems) to operate in slightly warmer environments.Hot qubits can operate at temperatures higher than 1 kelvin, roughly -458F/-272C. this could lead to more simplified and more efficient chips that connect the two parts without sacrificing fidelity and accuracy.

Quantum Annealer The quantum annealer is least powerful and most restrictive form of quantum computer. it is the easiest to build, yet can only perform one specific function. The consensus of the scientific community is that a quantum annealer has no known advantages over conventional computingAnalog Quantum The analog quantum computer will be able to simulate complex quantum interactions that are intractable for any known conventional machine, or combinations of these machines. it is conjectured that the analog quantum computer will contain somewhere between 50 to 100 qubits.Universal QuantumThe universal quantum computer is the most powerful, the most general, and the hardest to build, posing a number of difficult technical challenges. Current estimates indicate that this machine will comprise more than 100,00 physical qubits.

https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/news/2020/03/quantum-volume-the-power-of-quantum-computersQuantum Volume is a metric that can be used to express the effectiveness of a given quantum computerQuantum Hardware platforms have many specifications, Volume is a simple way to measure themHow its measured:Number of qubitsError ratesConnectivity of qubits

Artificial Intelligence & Machine LearningThe widespread applications we see every day are in voice, image and handwriting recognition. It's a challenging task for traditional computers, to match up the accuracy and speed. Quantum computing can keep up.Computational ChemistryThe ability for quantum computers to focus on the existence of both 1 and 0 simultaneously can provide a lot power to the machine to successfully map the molecules. This potentially opens opportunities for chemistry research.Drug Design & Developmentquantum computing can be an effective way of understanding drugs and their reactions on humans. This can save money and time for drug companies. Advancements in computing can enhance efficiency, by allowing companies to carry out more drug discoveries to uncover new medical treatments for the better pharmaceutical industry.Financial Modellingby applying quantum technology to perform massive and complex calculations, companies can improve the quality of the solutions and reduce the time to develop them.Weather ForecastingQuantum computer’s ability to crunch vast amounts of data, in a short period, could indeed lead to enhancing weather system modelling allowing scientists to predict the changing weather patterns in no time and with excellent accuracy

Qubit QualityMake qubits that we will be able to generate useful instructions or gate operations on a large scale. Even the few qubits in today’s quantum computers aren't good enough for large scale systems. There's errors when running operations between two qubits at a higher rate than what's needed to effectively compute.Error CorrectionError correction has not yet been proven at scale for quantum computing, but it is a priority area of our research and one that I consider a prerequisite to a full-scale commercial quantum system.Qubit Controlwe need to prove that we can control multiple qubits. It must come from CMOS-based adaptive feedback control circuits.Too Many Wireswe require multiple control wires, or multiple lasers, to create each qubit. It is difficult to believe that we could build a million-qubit chip with many millions of wires connecting to the circuit board or coming out of the cryogenic measurement chamber.Mapping a QubitAn ordinary bit must be either 0 or 1, a qubit can be in any combination of 0 and 1 at the same time. Those two parts of the state mesh described by a phase. The qubit’s state is like a point on a globe whose latitude reveals how much the qubit is 0 and how much it is 1, and whose longitude indicates the phase. Noise jostles the qubit in two basic ways that knock the point around the globe.https://jackkrupansky.medium.com/the-greatest-challenges-for-quantum-computing-are-hardware-and-algorithms-c61061fa1210https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/biggest-flipping-challenge-quantum-computing

https://www.pcmag.com/news/quantum-computing-a-bubble-ready-to-burstIt’s possible that we’re currently experiencing something of a quantum bubble—and that it might be about to burst. There are more than a dozen functioning quantum computers around the world, a few of which any software developer can access via familiar services.https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-quantum-computing-understanding-the-how-why-and-when-of-quantum-computers/Quantum computing is an experiment and, for now, it's an incomplete one. It could either rewrite the entire language of the computing industry, or it could sputter out quantum decoherence. A gamble that the practical world can interface with the quantum universe. It still might not pay off. But in the meantime, it's as fascinating as anything that human eyes have ever cleverly avoided witnessing.https://phys.org/news/2021-03-scientists-quantum-supremacy.htmlModern techniques do not allow to build a qubit with 100% precision, resulting in so-called tunneling two-level defects that limit the performance of superconducting quantum devices and cause computational errors. Those defects contribute to a qubit's extremely short life span, or decoherence.

https://quantumxc.com/what-are-quantum-networks-and-how-do-they-work/A quantum key distribution network can be used as a defensive measure before the unrivaled power of quantum computers become an offensive weapon.A quantum network enables the secure transmission and exchange of quantum communicationshttps://news.uchicago.edu/story/quantum-network-test-unhackable-communicationsIn the development of quantum systems stems from a rule of quantum mechanics that states that measuring a quantum particle alters its state.The quantum network, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, will stretch between the DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory—a connection that is expected to be among the longest in the world to send secure information using quantum physics.

https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/long-distance-quantum-teleportation-internetNASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab, Harvard University, the University of Calgary and AT&T have now successfully teleported qubits across almost 14 miles of fiber optic cables with 90 percent precision. Quantum entanglement (quantum particles that are “entangled” behave exactly the same even when far away from each other) is the cause. https://www.vice.com/en/article/93wqep/researchers-have-achieved-sustained-long-distance-quantum-teleportationThe breakthrough is notable for a few reasons. Many previous demonstrations of quantum teleportation have proven to be unstable over long distances (2016, researchers at the University of Calgary)Quantum computing has been on the horizon for years, and this study takes us one step closer to realizing it on a practical scale.

https://phys.org/news/2021-01-world-quantum-network.htmlChinese scientists have established the world's first integrated quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers on the ground with two ground-to-satellite links to achieve quantum key distribution over a total distance of 4,600 kilometers for users across the country.Using trusted relays, the ground-based fiber network and the satellite-to-ground links were integrated to serve more than 150 industrial users across China.The team will further expand the network in China and with their international partners from Austria, Italy, Russia and Canada.https://interestingengineering.com/chinas-intercontinental-quantum-communication-network-is-now-online

https://research.aimultiple.com/future-of-quantum-computing/As technology advances, the problems encountered are getting more complex. Quantum computing offers a solution for complex problems.Quantum computing seems to be a suitable candidate in solving nonlinear problems as it has nonlinear properties of nature.

https://www.apogeeinstruments.com/applications-and-uses-of-quantum-sensors/Sensors that measure PPFD(photosynthetic photon flux density) are often called quantum sensors due to the quantized nature of radiation. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47294704Currently, the only way to find out what is underneath the ground is often to carry out exploratory digging.HOWEVER, Quantum Sensing uses atoms cooled by lasers to just above absolute zero that are propelled upward in a vacuum and then measured as they fall back under gravity.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004quant.ph..6126B/abstractA quantum positioning system (QPS) can provide a user with all four of his space-time coordinates.https://www.tudelft.nl/over-tu-delft/strategie/vision-teams/quantum-internet-vision-team/applications/quantum-enhanced-gpsBenefits of quantum navigation and positioning systems over GPS are improved accuracy, no reliance on satellite, indoor usage, less vulnerability to hacking and no sensitivity to electromagnetic pulse attacks.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6651761/#:~:text=Molecular%20computing%20is%20a%20branch,traditional%20silicon%2Dbased%20computer%20technologies.&text=Molecules%20are%20only%20a%20few,trillions%E2%80%94of%20switches%20and%20components.Molecular computing is a branch of computing that uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of traditional silicon-based computer technologies.With the development of new generation technology, the scale of DNA, RNA, and protein biological database has been increasing. It combines the tools of mathematics, computer science, and biology to understand biological implications.

Crisper is a system in bacteria that detects and cuts virus genetic material whether it's DNA or RNA.-Genetic manipulation-"Scissors"https://www.livescience.com/58790-crispr-explained.htmlIts many potential applications include correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the spread of diseases and improving crops.

https://singularityhub.com/2021/05/11/a-new-gene-editing-tool-rivals-crispr-and-can-make-millions-of-edits-at-once/Retron Library Recombineering (RLR)Retrons are floating ribbons of DNA in some bacteria cells that can be converted into a specific type of DNA-ssDNABecause of the cell’s natural machinery, retrons can infiltrate a genome without cutting it (millions of dividing cells at the same time).Compared to CRISPR, the new RLR tool is simpler because it does not require a “guide” tool in addition to an “editing” tool.

https://www.hpe.com/us/en/what-is/data-storage.htmlData storageThe use of recording media to retain data using computers or other devices. The most prevalent forms of data storage are file storage, block storage, and object storage, with each being ideal for different purposes.https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/data-storageData storage is the collection and retention of digital information—the bits and bytes.Computers are like brains. Both have short-term and long-term memories. Brains handle short-term memory in the prefrontal cortex, while computers handle it with random-access memory (RAM).https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200204163650.htmProgress to create a new type of molecular data:In a study published in Nature Communications, the team stored a variety of image files. The researchers stored more than 200 kilobytes of data, which they say is the most stored to date using small molecules. The data universe continues to expand. By encoding data in molecules, it may be possible to store the equivalent of terabytes of data in just a few millimeters of space. Research on molecular storage has focused on long-chain polymers (well known carriers of biological data).

https://www.zmescience.com/other/pieces/what-nanorobotics-is-08052021/Tiny machines that work on the nanoscale, being up to 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.https://www.unite.ai/what-are-nanobots-understanding-nanobot-structure-operation-and-uses/Much of the field of nanorobotics and nanobots is still in the theoretical phase, with research focused on solving the problems of construction at such a small scale.https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/30/2151505/0/en/Nanorobotics-Technologies-and-Global-Markets.htmlNanorobots are expected to have a variety of applications in the healthcare, military, automotive, and oil and gas industries.

https://medium.com/@sgblank/the-end-of-more-the-death-of-moores-law-5ddcfd8439ddMoore’s Law — the doubling of every two years of how many transistors can fit on a chip — has ended-an observation about process technology and economics.The world of computing is moving into new and uncharted territory. For desktop and mobile devices, the need for a upgrade won’t be for speed, but because there’s a new capability or app.