Sometimes while folding alpha helices can fold into beta helices causing disease
When you connect amino acids you create peptide bonds
Receptors are the chemical signal in proteins
Each amino acid has an R-group
Make weaker intermolecular forces of attraction
Make stronger intermolecular forces of attraction

Proteins

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the molecules that drive chemical reactions in living thingsthe shape of a protein is determined by the type of intermolecular force of attraction between monomers in the protein.proteins are found in a variety of food (Ex. meat, fish, beans, seeds, eggs, and nuts)proteins are made up of amino acids

Non Essential Amino Acids (11)

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there are 11 amino acids that do not classify as essential because we have them naturally within our bodieseach amino acid has an R-group: a part of the chemical structure that differs from other amino acidsincludes: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

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describes the inability to interact with waternon-polarincludes: alanine, cysteine, glycine, and proline

Hydrophilic (water loving)

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describes the ability to interact with waterpolarincludes: arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, and tyrosine

Essential Amino Acids (9)

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there are 9 essential amino acidsthese are amino acids that do not occur naturally in our bodies and must come from or dieteach essential amino acid has an R-group: a part of the chemical structure that differs from other amino acidsincludes: histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, leucine and valine

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

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describes the inability to interact with waternon-polarincludes: isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine

Hydrophilic (water loving)

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describes the ability to interact with waterpolarincludes: histidine, lysine, threonine

Chemical Signalling

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a function of proteinssignals can travel from one cell to another, or across the whole human body through the bloodstreamEx. the body's biochemical response to stress

Endocrine System

Hormones

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Ex. adrenalinechemical signals produced by glands

Nervous System

Neurotransmitters

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Ex. dopaminechemical signals produced by neurons

Peptide Bond

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the linkage of 2 amino acids

Polypeptide (primary structure)

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a chain of amino acids connected by peptide bondsalso known as primary structure

Secondary Structure

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takes the primary structure and folds in different wayssmall folded shapes within a protein caused by hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in the same polypeptide

Tertiary Structure

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finally forms a whole 3D tertiary structurelarger folded shape of the protein caused by different intermolecular forces of attraction between side chains of amino acids in the same polypeptide.

Quaternary Structure

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when multiple proteins are linked together in their folded tertiary structure.some proteins only function when they combine with other protein subunits --> Ex. microtubules, enzymes, actin, myosin, and hemoglobinactin and myosin change shape to allow parts of cells or whole organisms to move