Science

Primary Succession

A certain Speices replace another species in an ecosystem

Secondary Succession

When a major event reduces the already established ecosystem, starting a succession with pre-existing soil

On Land

Abiotic Factors

Rocks,sand, dirt

Biotic Factors

Primary consumers

Deer, Monkeys, Insects

Producers

Trees, Vines, Shrubs

Secondary Consumers

Snakes, Birds, Big Cats

Decomposers

Fungi, Bacteria, Insects

Aquatic/Marine

Biotic Factors

Primary Consumers

Kelp,algae,Sea grass

Producers

Sea urchins, oysters,Zebra Seabream, Hottentot Seabream and sponges

Secondary Consumers

Coral,seals dolphins, sharks, octopuses and pajama sharks

Decomposers

Rock lobster, shrimp, clams, mussels

Abiotic Factors

Rocks,sand,shells

Tropical Rain Forest

Temperate Forest

Desert

Tundra

Taiga

Grassland

Savanna

Fresh Water

Marine

Ice

A trophic level is the position occupied by an organism in a food chain.
Producers make up the first trophic level.
Primary consumers make up the second trophic level.
Secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
Tertiary consumers make up the top trophic level.

A worldview defines how we see the world around us and our place in it (e.g., attitudes, values, stories, expectations). It guides our thoughts and actions, and is expressed through our ethics, religion, philosophy, and beliefs.

Western Worldview: Based on the assumption that man is superior
All living things are part of a hierarchy
Misusing, mistreating, or disrespecting other life
Importance is based on a “ladder” perspective

Indigenous Worldview: Based on the assumption that all living things are equally important
Taking only what you need
Giving back to the land
Importance is based on a circle, where all things are included and nothing is “more” important

A subcategory of mixtures

A homogenous mixture formed when a substance (solute) in dissolved in anothersubstance (solvent)

Example: powdered drink mix in water, salt water, dish water

Homogenous: uniform composition throughout (e.g., steel, air, wine)

Heterogenous: when two or more mixtures are physically separated with some division between them (e.g., ice in soda, cereal, salad, blood, soil)

Solvents and solutes combine to make solutions

Solvent: something that is able to dissolve in other substances

Solute: something that is dissolved into a solvent to make a solution

All solutions are mixtures, but not all mixtures are solutions

Suspension: when a mixture has particles that are incapable of being dissolved in water and are big enough to scatter light around them (e.g., flour and water, sand and water)

Tyndall Effect: the effect of scattering light inside a colloid or suspension

Colloid: a heterogeneous mixture that does not separate (e.g., blood, paint, milk)

Colloid: heterogeneous mixtures that do not separate (e.g., paint, blood, milk, coloured glass, mayonnaise)

Dilute solution

When there is a relatively small amount of solute dissolved in a solution

1 Tbsp of salt dissolved in 1 L of water

Concentrated solution

When there is a relatively large amount of solute dissolved in a solution

Frozen juice before it is mixed with water

Concentration

The quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solvent

A “double double” at Tim Hortons is a coffee with 2 cream and 2 sugar

Saturated solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent; any additional solute will sit in the bottom of the solvent

Adding sugar to water until it can no longer dissolve

Unsaturated solution

A solution that has a solute that completely dissolves, leaving no remaining substances

Adding a small amount of sugar to coffee

Soluble

The property of a solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent

Salt or sugar

Insoluble

The incapability of being dissolved in a solvent

Piece of wood in water, chalk, oil in water, metal

Polar molecules

A molecule where one end is slightly positively charged and the other end is slightly negatively charged

Water molecule, sulfur dioxide

Non-polar molecules

A molecule with no charge

Wood, oil, chalk, helium, methane

Ecosystem

Consists of a community of organisms (biotic factors) together with their physical environment (abiotic factors): Types… Land and aquatic (marine or fresh water)

Biotic factors

Living components of an ecosystem

Abiotic factors

Non-living components of an ecosystem

Biomes

Terrestrial (land) ecosystems

Population

Groupings of species within a community

Community

Consists of all the populations of all the species that live together in a particular area

Succession

The predictable and orderly change over time in the types of organisms in an ecosystem

Primary succession

Happens in areas where there has never been any life

Secondary succession

The slow change in species in an established community after the community has been disturbed

Producers (autotrophs)

Organisms that produce their own energy
(e.g., photosynthesis)

Consumers (heterotrophs)

Organisms that need to eat other organisms for energy

Primary consumers

A consumer that eats producers for energy

Secondary consumers

Consumers that eat primary consumers for energy

Tertiary consumers

Consumers that eat secondary consumers

Apex predators

A consumer at the top of the food chain

Decomposers

Organisms that break down other dead animals

Photosynthesis

A process where plant use water sunlight carbon dioxide to make food

Food chain

A sequence that shows how nutrients and energy are passed to one another.

Food web

A model that shows how food chains are connected

Scavenger

A animal that looks for leftovers of consumers

Herbivore

An animal that doesn’t eat meat

Carnivore

An animal that mostly eats meat

Omnivore

An animal that will eat almost anything

Detrivore

Animals that feed on large waste

Extirpation

Removal of a species from an ecosystem

Fragmentation

When parts of a habitat are destroyed, leaving behind smaller, unconnected areas

Pure Substance

A single substance made of only one type of particle

Mixture

A substance made by mixing other substances together

Solution

A homogenous type of mixture with two or more types of substances

Compound

A substance made up of two or more different chemical elements

Pure Element

An element or compound made up of one type of particle

Atom

The smallest part of the substance that cannot be broken down chemically

Molecule

The smallest unit of a compound made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together

Solute

A substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution

Solvent

A substance with the ability to dissolve other substances to form a solution

Homogeneous

A mixture that is so well blended that it’s ingredients will not separate over time

Heterogenous

A mixture that is not uniform in composition and is made up of different elements or ingredients

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture of solid particles and a fluid, where the particles do not dissolve in the fluid

Colloid

A mixture of two substances where one substance’s particles are suspended in the other

Tyndall Effect

When light scatters as it passes through a colloid making the light beam visible

Soluble

A substance that can dissolve in a solvent to form a solution

Insoluble

A substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent to form a solution

Diluted

lowered concentration of a solute in a solution by adding more solvent

Concentrated

higher concentration of a solute in a solution by adding more solvent

Saturated

A state where a substance has reached the maximum amount of space it can take up within another substance

Polar

A molecule with one side being positively charged and the other side being negatively charged

Non-polar

A molecule that has no electrical charges

Ensure workers know and apply safe work procedures
Ensure workers know how to respond in an emergency
Ensure employers and workers have consistent information about hazardous products
Reduce workplace injuries and illnesses

WHMIS became the law in 1988
Implemented in Ontario by:
OHSA
WHMIS Regulation
Canada wide under Federal Legislation
In February 2015, the federal government published the Hazard Product Regulation and amended the Hazardous Product Act

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

It defines and classifies the hazards of chemical products, and communicates information on health and safety through labels and safety data sheets (SDS)
The purpose of GHS is to unify classification of chemicals, provide improved consistency, reduce confusion, and ensure proper usage

Physical Hazards

Explosives
Flammable gases
Flammable aerosols
Flammable liquids
Flammable solids
Gases under pressure
Organic peroxides
Corrosive to metals
Pyrophoric liquids
Pyrophoric solids
Self-heating substances
Self-reactive substances
Substances which, in contact with water emit flammable gases
Oxidizing liquids
Oxidizing solids
Oxidizing gases

Health Hazards

Acute toxicity
Skin corrosion/irritation
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
Respiratory or skin sensitization
Germ cell mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
Reproductive toxicity
Target organ systemic toxicity - single exposure
Target organ systemic toxicity - repeated exposure
Aspiration toxicity

Environmental Hazards

Hazardous to the aquatic environment
Hazardous to the ozone laye

Gas Cylinder (Physical)

Explosion danger
Gas under pressure
Explode if dropped or heated
Handle with care
Avoid dropping
Keep away from sources of ignition
Secure container during transportation, storage, or use

The Flame
(Physical)

Fire hazard/will burn
May cause fire due to friction
Keep away from heat sources
Never smoke
Ensure proper storage
Ensure container is bonded or grounded when decanting

Flame Over Circle
(Physical)

Fire/combustible risk
Avoid contact with combustible material
Keep away from ignition sources

The Corrosion
(Physical)

Eye & skin irritation
Tissue damage with prolonged contact
Harmful if inhaled
Wear personal protective equipment
Avoid inhaling
Wear respiratory protection

Exploding Bomb
(Physical)

Explosion danger due to chemical reactions
Self-reactive
May explode if heated or dropped
No mixing chemicals
Keep away from sources of ignition

Skull & Crossbones
(Chemical)

Potentially fatal
Do not inhale or swallow
Wear personal protective equipment
Avoid inhalation

Health Hazard
(Chemical)

Poisonous
Fatal
Permanent damage with repetitive exposure
Avoid contact with skin or eyes
Avoid inhalation
Wear personal protective equipment

Exclamation Mark
(Chemical)

Irritation to eyes or skin
Allergic reaction
Avoid mixing with other chemical avoid contact on the face and body

Biohazard Material
(Chemical)

Serious disease resulting in illness
Fatal
Avoid contamination
Wear personal protective equipment

Environmental
(Environmental)

Hazardous to the aquatic environment
On imported products and SDS
Avoid pouring the substance into the sink or near sewers

Supplier

Product Identifier
Signal Word
Pictogram
Hazard Statement
Precautionary Statement
Supplement Label
Supplier’s Identifie

Workplace

Product Identifier
Signal Word
Pictogram/Hazard Identification
Personal Protective Equipment
Other Information

When a hazardous material in the workplace is made for use in the workplace
When a hazardous material is decanted from an original container into another
When the original supplier label is unreadable or missing

The Purpose of SDS

Provides detailed information about a product’s properties, its hazards, and how to prevent overexposure

Required Sections on SDS

Identification
Hazardous Identification
Composition/Information on Ingredients
First Aid Measures
Fire Fighting Measures
Accidental Release Measures
Handling and Storage
Exposure Control/Personal Protection
Physical and Chemical Properties
Stability and Reactivity
Toxilogical Information
Ecological Information
Disposal Considerations
Transportation Information
Regulatory Information
Other Information

Geosphere

“Geo” means ground

Includes everything in the solid Earth

Only includes abiotic (non-living) factors

Dirt, rocks, mountains, volcanoes, sand

Atmosphere

“Atmo” means gases

Includes all gases around the Earth

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, oxygen, nitrogen

5 layers of atmosphere…
Troposphere: weather layer, closest to Earth
Stratosphere: contains greenhouse gases and ozone
Mesosphere: coldest layer
Thermosphere: warmest layer, satellites
Exosphere: thinnest, most outer layer

Hydrosphere

“Hydro” means water

Includes all forms of water on Earth

Oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, waterfalls, glaciers, underground water

Biosphere

"Bio" means life

Includes biotic (living) factors on Earth

Includes all biomes

End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

Reduce inequality within and among countries

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

Producers produce their own energy from non-living materials, while consumers need to get their energy from eating other living things (e.g., plants, animals).

Detrivores are organisms that obtain nutrients by feeding on large parts of decaying animals and plants, and on waste material. They leave behind their own waste material that decomposers then feed on to further break down

Scavengers feed on already dead animals (similar to a decomposer)

Producers are the starting point of all food chains or food webs.

When one species is removed from a food web, there will be a food source missing. This could lead to greater competition for food among the organisms that used to depend on that species for energy. It could also lead to other organisms leaving the food web, due to a lack of food.

Sunlight is the initial source of energy in all food chains/webs.

Everything that is on Earth or in our atmosphere will remain so forever. No new matter will be added (meteorites are an exception), and no matter will escape.

All three are types of decomposers. Scavengers (e.g., vultures) feed on dead animals, detrivores (e.g., worms) feed on the remains of dead plants and animals, and smaller decomposers (e.g., fungi, bacteria) feed on the waste left behind by detrivores.

A sustainable ecosystem is one that allows all organisms to continue to thrive.

The carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is used by plants through photosynthesis. It is then released and recycled back into the ground by decomposers when plants die, or it is released when plants burn. Some of this carbon sinks deeper into the Earth, creating fossil fuels over millions of years. Some is released back intot he atmosphere. All living matter contains carbon that can be recycled when organisms die - even humans. When humans exhale, we add carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Vehicles and factories are adding additional carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as well.

The carbon cycle is a natural process that can sustain itself indefinitely. However, humans are adding addition carbon dioxide into the environment, making the carbon cycle less sustainable.

Water evaporates from lakes and oceans and condenses into clouds. When clouds get too heavy, they release the water as precipitation. Precipitation can either land back into lakes and oceans, or on land. When it lands on land, it creates run-off, slowly making it’s way across land toward a body of water. Sometimes, this water seeps into the ground and becomes ground water, also making its way toward a nearby body of water.

Evaporation is when liquid water turns into water vapour.

Condensation is when water vapour collects back into liquid form (e.g., clouds).

Precipitation is water falling from the clouds, in the form or rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

Only 2% of the water on Earth is fresh water. It is being contaminated by human activities and needs to be protected. It is also being used faster than it can be replenished through the water cycle.

Pure Substances

Elements and/or compounds

Contains only one type of atom or molecule

Constant composition and properties

A pure element can be found on the periodic table

If it has only one type of atom, it is an element

A compound is a combination of two or more elements, bonded together as a molecule

A molecule is a combination of atoms that are chemically bonded to create one substance

Can be separated by a chemical process (e.g., using electrolysis to separate hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water)

All molecules/atoms in a pure substance have the same composition and properties

Mixtures

A combination of two or more pure substances

Variable composition and properties

Can only be separated through a physical process (e.g., boiling salt water to separate water vapour from salt)

Pure Substances Examples

Iron (Fe)
Hydrogen (H)
Helium (He)
Gold (Au)
Oxygen (O)
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Mixtures Examples

Coke
Salad dressing
Salt water
Mixed nuts
Salad

Solvents

A substance that has dissolving capabilities (e.g., water, saliva, milk, tea)

Generally the larger part of the solution

Solutes

A substance that gets dissolved (e.g., salt, sugar, jello powder, chlorine tablets)

If a solute easily dissolves, it is called “soluble”

If a solute does not easily dissolve, it is called “insoluble”

Generally the smaller part of the solution

The solubility of a solute increases as the temperature of the solvent increases

The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature of the solvent increases

Examples

Salt water (salt is the solute, water is the solvent)

Sugar water (sugar is the solute, water is the solvent)

Chocolate milk (chocolate sauce is the solute, milk is the solvent)

Hot chocolate (chocolate powder is the solute, milk or water is the solvent)

Jello (jello powder is the solute, hot water is the solvent)

Chlorinated pool water (chlorine is the solute, water is the solvent)

The Universal Solvent

Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Polar substances can dissolve easily in water because water is also polar. “Polar” means that there is both a positive and negative charge. Salt is also polar, so it dissolves well into water. Oil is not polar, so it does not mix with water.

We use soap to clean things because it is both polar (on one end) and non-polar (on the other end) and can literally “attach” to any other substance, including non-polar substances, such as oil and grease.

When we use water to rinse soap away, the soap (along with other “attached” substances) will “attach” to the water and wash it all away.

Physical

Evaporation

The liquid converts to a gas, leaving the solid particles behind

Sifting

The separation of smaller particles from larger particles using a sift with holes

Filtration

The separation of an insoluble solid from a liquid

Distillation

Using condensation and boiling to separate mixtures

Magnetism

The separation of magnetic particles from non-magnetic particles using magnets

Extraction

Separating insoluble solutes from soluble solutes

Chromatography

Separating a mixture through stationary phases at different speeds

Crystallization

Separating components of a liquid mixture by allowing crystals to form

Sublimation

When a substance converts from a solid to a gas and leaves the liquid behind

Decantation

Allowing a mixture of a solid and a liquid to separate due to gravity

Chemical

Precipitation

Using a chemical reaction to form an insoluble solid (precipitate) which can then be separated

Electrolysis

Using electrical energy to decompose a compound into its components

Chemical Extraction

Uses reagents to react selectively with specific components of the mixture

Oxidation

Using a chemical reaction to oxidize one component of a compound