GI

proximal SI

- folate

distal SI

- B12

diffuse

- folate

- B12

SIBO

- B12

+ folate

EPI ± SIBO

- B12

+ folate

- TLI

pancreatitis

+ TLI

iatrogenic dexamethasone

decreased GFR

+ amylase

renal dz

uremic damage to pancreas

GI dz

+ lipase

renal dysfunction

hepatic dz, neoplasia

iatrogenic steroid (dex)

GI dz

steatitis

+ serum TLI

renal dz

+ serum PLI

EPI

dehydration

polycythemia

pre-renal azotemia

inflammation

peritoneal exudate

hepatic damage

AST

ALT

V/D

electrolyte

acid/base

hypocalcemia