Excretory System

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Uremia

- Buildup of toxins in blood - Kidneys stop filtering toxins out through your urine

High urea accumulation

- Medication - Dialysis & kidney transplant surgery

Excess urea is removed by hemodialysis

Blood is drained from whichever artery is convenient and is sent to the dialyzing unit

Nephritis

- Medication - Special treatment (removes excess fluid & dangerous protein)

- Certain chemicals - Genetics - Infection or inflammatory conditions (lupus)

- Inflamed nephrons (glomerulonephritis) - Affects kidney function

- Pain in pelvis - Burning sensation in urine - Cloudy or bloody urine - Pain in kidney - Vomiting

- Produced in the brain - Regulate the amount of water excreted by the kidneys

Juxtaglomerular cells

Antidiuretic hormone

Substances filtered into bowman's capsule from glomerulus

- Na+, Cl- & H+ - Nitrogenous wastes (amino acids, urea, uric acid) - Vitamins/minerals

- ions reabsorbed - H+ ions secreted - Water leaves through aquaporins

- Water exits through aquaporins (descending) - Na+ & Cl- actively transported out (ascending)

Cortex into medulla

Floating topic

- K+ & Na+ secreted via active transport into urine - Na+ & Cl- reabsorbed - Water moves into urine through aquaporins

Cortex

Excretion of Waste

- Water moves out via aquaporins - Urea exits (no movement of ions)

cortex through medulla, into renal pelvis

Funnels urine via peristalsis into the ureter

Excretory System

Urine Formation

Secretion

Reabsorption

Filtration

Kidney

Kidney Stones

- Severe pain - Nausea - Fever/chills and - Blood in your urine

Renal calculi

Deposition of dissolved minerals or insoluble salts on the inner lining of the kidney

Renin

- Controls blood pressure - Maintains healthy levels of sodium & potassium - Released in bloodstream when blood pressure is low

Angiotensin-II

Blood vessels, smooth muscles & adrenal cortex

Adrenal Gland (cortex)

Aldosterone (steroid hormone)

Kidneys & Colon

Signals colon and kidneys to put more sodium in bloodstream or release more potassium into urine

Increase sodium absorption = higher blood pressure

Filters waste: urea, salt & excess water (flushed out as urine)

Nephrons

Renal Pelvis

Collecting Ducts

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Loop of Henle

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Bowman's Capsule

Glomerulus