History of Thermo

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Sources

George Gamow, Biography of Physics (Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1961)

Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science (Wolfram Media, 2002), page 1019.

History of Thermodynamics

1860

Clausius had introduced entropy as a ratio of heat to temperature (stated 2nd law as an increase in entropy)

kinetic theory of gases developed rapidly

Maxwell derived the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas

Maxwell, James Clerk (Scotland/England, 1831-1879)

1872

Boltzmann constructed an equation that he thought could describe the detailed time development of a gas (but with objections from others concerning reversibility)

Boltzmann, Ludwig E. (Austria, 1844-1906)

1900

statistical mechanics of systems of particles was put in a more general context by Gibbs

Gibbs, J. Willard (USA, 1839-1903)

the development of thermodynamics was largely overshadowed by quantum theory and little fundamental work was done on it

1950

Fermi and others began to investigate the ergodic properties of nonlinear systems of springs when electronic computers became available

Fermi, Enrico (Italy/USA, 1901-1954)

1738

Bernoulli's idea that gases consist of molecules in motion

Bernoulli, Daniel (Netherlands/Switzerland, 1700-1782)

1850

Clausius' and Thomson's (Kelvin) the 1st law and 2nd law

Kelvin (William Thomson) (Scotland, 1824-1907)

Clausius, Rudolf J. E. (Germany, 1822-1888)

1824

Carnot's discussion of the efficiency of an idealized engine

Carnot, Sadi N. L. (France, 1796-1832)

relation between heat and energy

1840

Joule's experiments

Joule, James P. (England, 1818-1889)

heat as a form of energy

1700

heat as a separate fluid-like substance

1600

motion of microscopic constituents of matter

basic physical theories