How to categorize LLS

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How to Categorize LLS

Rubin’s (1987)

Social Strategies Learners are exposed to the opportunities that can be a great help to practice their knowledge. They are learning indirectly.

Communication Strategies This strategy is to make use of one’s linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in the conversation.

Learning Strategies 1. Cognitive strategies refer to the steps which are taken in learning or problem-solving that are analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials. 2. Metacognitive strategies are used to supervise, control or self-direct language learning.

Oxford's (1990)

B. Indirect strategies

3. Social strategies This strategy is to facilitate language learning through interactions with others. These strategies are divided into three sets, namely as asking questions, cooperating, and empathizing with others.

2. Affective strategies This strategy assist students to manage their emotions, motivation, and attitudes associated with learning.

1. Metacognitive strategies They are strategies which overviewing and linking with material already known, paying attention, delaying speech production, organizing, setting goals and objectives, planning for a language task, practice opportunities, self-monitoring and self evaluating.

A. Direct strategies

3. Compensation strategies a. Guessing intelligently b. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

2. Cognitive strategies a. Practicing b. Receiving and sending messages c. Analyzing and reasoning d. Creating structure for input and output

1.Memory strategies a. Creating mental linkages b. Applying images and sounds c. Reviewing well d. Employing action

O’Malley’s (1985)

Socioaffective Strategies This strategy have close relationship with social-mediating activity and interacting with others.

Cognitive Strategies Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they arelearning more directly with the material itself.

Metacognitive Strategies Strategiesinvolve planning for learning, thinking about learning process. Observe & correcting own mistakes, and evaluate after an activity is completed.