Method: "the six teaching methods associated with cognitive apprenticeship".

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"Teaching methods that emphasize apprenticeship are designed to give students the opportunity to observe, engage in, and discover expert strategic knowledge in context".

"Domain knowledge alone provides insuficient clues for many students about how to solve problems and accomplish tasks in a domain".

Therefore, even though exploration of the problem and solution spaces might initially lead to incorrect solutions, the teacher can consolidate and build on such an exploration to teach the targeted concepts

Research suggest that withholding support up front and providing it only after learners have failed to perform a task is very effective.

In conclusion, relates to specific problems that arise as the student attemps to acomplish a task

To sum up, inquiry teaching is a strategy of questioning students to lead them to articulate and reine their understanding

To sum up, some form of “abstracted replay,” in which the critical features of expert and student performance are highlighted, is desirable.

Results suggest that delaying expert modeling of a task its particulary effective.

Method: "the six teaching methods associated with cognitive apprenticeship".

learner autonomy

6. EXPLORATION

Furthermore

a teacher might ask students to design solutions to complex problems that target concepts they have not learned yet

the teacher might send the students to the library to investigate and write

involves guiding students to problem solving on their own

also revise the general goals as they come upon something more interesting to pursue

also encouraging them to focus on particular subgoals of interest to them

also setting general goals for students

access and control of problems-solving strategies

5. REFLECTION

involves comparison's techniques

Replaying the performances to others for

Problem solving

writing

Reading

involves enabling students to compare their own problem-solving processes

with a model of expertise

with another student

with an expert

4. ARTICULATION

includes any method of getting students to explicitly state their knowledge, reasoning, or problem-solving processes in a domain.

For example, have students assume the critic or monitor role in cooperative activities in order to articulate their ideas to other students

For example, teachers can encourage students to articulate their thoughts as they carry out their problem solving

Core of the traditional apprenticeship

3. SCAFFOLDING

For example, physical supports.

For example, reciprocal teaching

refers to the supports the teacher provides to help student carry out a task

The supports are transient and only after the student is at an impase

2. COACHING

In students while they formulate questions of the text

Make predictions

Generate summary

Clarify difficulties

Consist of observing students while they carry out task aimed to bringing their performance closer to expert performance.

1. MODELING

For example, thinking aloud while trying to solve novel problems

For example, reading aloud in one voice

In cognitive domains, this requires the externalization of usually internal processes and activities.