The Endocrine System

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The Endocrine System

Parathyroid

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH stimulates the breakdown of bone and releases calcium into the blood.

Is responsible for maintaining the right amount of calcium in our blood.

The main targets are; kidneys, skeletal system, and the intestine.

Pancreas

Pancreatic islets

contains endocrine cells, producing two hormones

insulin is produced by the beta cells

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels and prevents sugar levels from being raised too high

Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells

Glucagon's role is to help raise blood glucose levels glucagon breaks down glycogen and then is released into the blood

Pineal Gland

Secretes Melatonin

Melatonin is secreted by Pinealocytes

The amounts of melatonin that is secreted is affected by the amount of light exposed to a person For example: When a person is going to bed they turn off all the lights to help them sleep because more melatonin is secreted in the dark

Melatonin helps regulate a persons circadian rhythms

Adrenal Gland

CRH Hormone from Hypothalamus stimulate ACTH

adrenal medulla

epinephrine

norepinephrine

Subtopic

adrenal cortex

Zona reticularis gonad corticoids

sex hormone

zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids

Cortisol

help with stress resistance, influence metabolism in the cell and, enhance vasoconstriction by rising blood pressure to distribute nutrient to cells.

zona glumerulosa - mineralocorticoids -

Aldosterone

secretion of Aldosterone is affected by: Renin-angiotensin- Aldosterone (RAAS), plasma concentration of K+, ACTH, and Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP

regulate and stimulate NA+ reabsorption and K+ elimination by kidney.

Thyroid Gland

TRH from hypothalamus stimulate TSH

TSH stimulate Thyroid Hormone

Has 2 forms. T4 (thyroxin) 4 iodine atom and T3 (triiodothyronine) 3 iodine atom. transports via bloodstream by protein called (TBGs) thyroxine binding globulins

it is the major metabolic hormone. has calorgenic effect in body. regulates tissue growth and critical for skeletal and nervous system, maintain BP

Hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

triggered when blood concentration is high (dehydrated), kidney tubules reabsorb more water and uterine formation is prevented

Oxytocin

Released during childbirth, stimulates uterine contractions

Anterior Pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids like cortisol

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

stimulates metabolic rate, increases basal metabolic rate and heat production

Prolactin (PRL)

stimulates milk production in females

Growth Hormone (GH)

Direct: Promotes increased glucose levels Indirect: stimulates bone and skeletal muscle cells to enlarge and divide