The Spain of Philip II

Pax Romana

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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Globalization Positive and Negative Impacts

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POLITICAL PARTIES

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Nobility

Low nobility (sometimes with no possessions)

High nobility (landowners and with charges in the government)

Amerika

economy

spanish treasure fleet

Other countries tried to attack to steal the precious metals.

specially England

naval convoy that transported twice a year goods from America to Spain

Spanish crown had a monopoly of trade with America

controlled by the “casa de contratacion” (Sevilla)

Haciendas were large cultivated ranches.

system of Encomienda

became a kind of slavery for the indians

encomendero protect the native workers and instruct them in Christianity.

Spanish colonist was granted labour and tribute payments from a ground of Indians

precious metals (silver and gold)

Affixed percentage of the value of the metals to the state

famous mines

operated with native work force (mita)

Zacatecas in Mexico

Potosí in Bolivia

society

Black slaves brought from Africa

worked in regions where the Native population had declined as a result of war and epidemics

very hard conditions

Indians

New laws regulated the way that they were treated(1542)

suffered harsh treatment

manual labour

Mestizos (children of a Spaniard and an Indian)

intermediate social position

Spaniards and their descendants

held government positions (creoles)

owned the land

Carlos V created a new council (help governing newly adquired territories)

territories of America part of Castilla

Spanish society and economy

Economy

monarchs ask for loans

prices rose greatly (price revolution)

sometimes they couldn’t pay back (bankrupts)

affected by the cost of imperial policy

wealth of Castilla used to paid the wars

In Flanders

In Italy

arrival of precious metal from America

a lot of money in circulation

castilian economy became weaker

inflation

high taxation

other economic activities

Trades extremely important

Spain: trade with America

craftsmanship

Steel

Basque iron

mainly based in agriculture

Society

Common people

Peasants, artisans, craftsmen and servants

Some merchants became wealthy through trade with America

paid taxes and carried out productive work

Clergy

High church officials(influence in the court)

Bishops

Cardinals

The king and his policies

Home policy

some institutions took part in the administration of the empire

courts of justice

Chancillerias

Audiencias

A Viceroy governed some territories in name of the king

The Councils gave advice to the king in some areas or about specific territories; the State Council took decisions for the whole Empire

Different territories of the Empire maintained their own laws and institutions, guaranteed by institutions like the Chief of Justice in Aragon

Foreign poilicy

Three main objectives in the foreign policy

Defence of the Catholic Faith

Strengthening of spanish rule in Europe

Conservation of each territories

Main conflicts

Conflicts in North West Europe

English support for the rebels led to a conflict with England under Elizabeth I, who became queen in 1558

Low Countries: Calvinism spread throughout the Low Countries

The defence of Catholicism

The Turks

Rivaly with France

Inherit territories

Felipe was the son of a Portuguese princess. He claimed the throne when the King of Portugal died. This added Portuguese possessions in Africa, Asia and Brazil to his vast empire.

This added Portuguese possessions in Africa, Asia and Brazil to his vast empire.