Effects of Smoking

COPD

Chronic Bronchitis

-stimulate goblet cells & mucous glands to secrete more mucous

-cleaning action inhibited

-accumulation of mucus

smoker's cough

pneumonia

chest pains

drowsiness

difficulty breathing

It is a condition in which bronchioles collapse, leaving large spaces where surface area for gaseous exchange used to be

Phagocytes line the airways

Protein digesting enzyme known as elastase is released

Destroys elastin in the walls of the alveoli (allowing phagocytes to enter and remove bacteria)

Large spaces appear where alveoli have burst

Reduces surface area for gas exchange

Number of capillaries decreases

Less oxygen absorbed to blood

Effects on emphysema

Lung function deteriorates

wheezing occurs and breathlessness becomes progressively worse

People with severe emphysema often need a continuous supply of oxygen through a face mask.

Emphysema treatment

Medications as inhalants

Bronchodilators are medications that relax the bronchiolar muscles and improve airflow.

Oral treatments

Oral steroid like prednisone is prescribed to people in addition to using an inhaler.

Oxygen supplementation

Surgery and rehabilitation

Some people with emphysema may qualify for surgery to reduce lung volume, which helps to decrease symptoms.

Alternative therapies

Chinese herbs like ginkgo biloba which helps strengthen the lungs

Sulfur has been identified as an aid in reducing inflammation and mucus.

Long term outlook

Quitting smoking

Lung Cancer

react with DNA in epithelial cells to produce mutation & leads to development of tumour

spread through bronchiole epithelium & enter lymphatic tissue in lungs

1. Diffuses into RBC

2. Combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin

3. Oxygen cannot bind to receptors on cells that contain carboxyhaemoglobin

4. CO is faster at binding with Hb than oxygen and exits the body slower

Effects

Decreases quantity of oxygen transported in the blood

Puts a strain on heart muscle

Damage lining of the arteries

Build up of fatty tissue

Reduction of blood flow

Injure fetus upon exposure

Symptoms

Mimics influenza

headache

dizziness

rapid heart rate

mental confusion

vomiting

nausea

fatigue

Diseases

Coronary heart disease/ atherosclerosis

plaque builds up in arterties

hinders blood flow

causes high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes

Stroke

cardiovascular disease

cause blood clotting

heart attack

stroke

aneurysm

reduce diameter of arterioles

heart rate and blood pressure

in oxygen supply

reproductive system

prohibits proper blood circulation causing impotence

increase infertility and miscarriage

babies have low birth weights/ born prematurely/ increase risk of lung problems

nervous system

addictive

affects neurotransmitters in the brain

release adrenaline