GRAMMAR REVIEW
PAST TENSE
PAST PERFECT WHAT IS? THE PAST PERFECT IS USED IN THE SAME WAY AS THE PRESENT PERFECT, BUT IT REFERS TO A TIME IN THE PAST, NOT THE PRESENT.
Determiners: Determiners are words that come before nouns to provide more information about them. They can include articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, that, these, those), quantifiers (some, many, a few), possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), and more.
Pronouns: Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns in sentences to avoid repetition. Common pronouns include he, she, it, they, we, you, me, him, her, etc.
Articles: Articles are a type of determiner, and they include "a," "an," and "the." "A" and "an" are indefinite articles, while "the" is a definite article.
Relative Clauses: Relative clauses are a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun in a sentence. They start with a relative pronoun (such as who, which, that) or a relative adverb (such as where, when). For example, "The book that I'm reading is interesting."
Subtopic
Relative Pronouns: Relative pronouns are words like who, which, that, whom, and whose that introduce relative clauses. They link the clause to the noun it describes.
Adverbs: Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about the manner, frequency, time, place, degree, or reason of an action. For example, "She quickly ran to the store."
Nouns: Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They are often the subject or object of a sentence and can be concrete (e.g., cat, house) or abstract (e.g., love, idea).
FUTURE GOING TO & WILL
EXAMPLES:
I AM GOING TO PRESENTE MY FINAL EXAMS TOMORROW
ANDREA WILL GO WITH ME TO THE CONCERT
DIFFERENCE
THE ‘SIMPLE PAST TENSE’, ACCORDING TO THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY, IS DEFINED AS “THE FORM OF A VERB USED TO AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED BEFORE THE PRESENT TIME AND IS NO HAPPENING. IT IS USUALLY MADE BY ADDING -ED.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
FUTURE GOING TO & WILL
EXAMPLES:
I AM GOING TO PRESENTE MY FINAL EXAMS TOMORROW
ANDREA WILL GO WITH ME TO THE CONCERT
DIFFERENCE
THE ‘SIMPLE PAST TENSE’, ACCORDING TO THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY, IS DEFINED AS “THE FORM OF A VERB USED TO AN ACTION THAT HAPPENED BEFORE THE PRESENT TIME AND IS NO HAPPENING. IT IS USUALLY MADE BY ADDING -ED.
PAST TENSE
Subtopic
PAST PERFECT WHAT IS? THE PAST PERFECT IS USED IN THE SAME WAY AS THE PRESENT PERFECT, BUT IT REFERS TO A TIME IN THE PAST, NOT THE PRESENT.
Passive Voice:
In passive voice sentences, the focus is on the action and the receiver of the action rather than the doer of the action. Passive voice is often used when the doer of the action is not as important, unknown, or when you want to emphasize the receiver of the action.
INFINITIVE
An infinitive structure in English consists of the word "to" followed by the base form of a verb, serving various functions, including as a verb phrase, subject, object, and more.
CONDITIONALS AND MODALS
Conditionals:
Conditionals are sentences that express a condition and its result or consequence. They are often categorized into different types, which are as follows:
1. Zero Conditional:
• Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple
• Use: Used to express general truths or facts that are always true.
• Example: "If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils."
2. First Conditional:
• Structure: If + Present Simple, will + base form of the verb
• Use: Used to express a possible condition and its likely result in the future.
• Example: "If it rains, I will stay at home."
3. Second Conditional:
• Structure: If + Past Simple, would + base form of the verb
• Use: Used to express an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its result.
• Example: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."
4. Third Conditional:
• Structure: If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle of the verb
• Use: Used to express a condition that is impossible because it didn't happen in the past.
• Example: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
Modals:
Modals are auxiliary verbs that express the mood or attitude of the speaker toward the action or state of the main verb. Some common modals in English include can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought to.
PRESENT TENSE
1. Present Simple:
• Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (+s for third person singular)
• Use: To describe habitual actions, general truths, scheduled events, and facts.
• Example: "She works in a bank."
2. Present Continuous (Present Progressive):
• Structure: Subject + am/is/are + present participle (verb + -ing)
• Use: To describe actions that are happening right now, actions in progress, and future actions that have been planned.
• Example: "I am reading a book."
3. Present Perfect:
• Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle of the verb
• Use: To describe actions that happened at an unspecified time in the past, actions that have relevance to the present, and experiences in life.
• Example: "They have visited Paris."
4. Present Perfect Continuous (Present Perfect Progressive):
• Structure: Subject + have/has + been + present participle (verb + -ing)
• Use: To describe actions that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue into the future. It emphasizes the duration of the action.
• Example: "I have been working all day."