Marijuana
Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)
State level
Medically legal by doctor's recommendation in 33 states for adults 18 and some 21 years old
All the plant
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Hawaii
Illinois
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Utah
Vermont
Washington
West Virginia (WebMD)
High CBD and low THC
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming (WebMD)
Recreational legal for adults 21 years and older in 11 states
Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington
Decriminalized in 15 states
Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, U.S. Virgin Islands
Federal level
Schedule 1 drug illegal for any use ---it is seen as highly addictive and there are no approved medical or recreational uses on the federal level
the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment prohibits federal prosecution of individuals complying with state medical cannabis laws
Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)
Stimulant
Depressant
Routes of Administration
Trans-dermal diffusion
Inhalation
Oral route
How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)
1) Enters bloodstream
THC the main ingredient that produces the high-- enters the bloodstream with in seconds of being inhaled ( the most common form of use) and makes its way to the brain
2) Cannabinoid receptors in the Brain
THC acts on the parts of the brain that have high concentration of cannabinoid receptors that activate neurons
Basal ganglia
unconscious muscle movements
Hippocampus
short-term memory or recent events
cerebellum
can effect coordination
3) Redistrubution to the rest of the body
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
Short term
short term memory
coordination
Learning and cognitive impairment
Long term
Abuse/ Addiction
Increase in risky behavior
chronic lung exposure if smoked
immune system effects
Common forms from Cannabis Sativa
Hemp (non psychoactive)
CBD
Marijuana ( psychoactive)
Sinsemilla
Mature flower of a female plant
high in THC concentration and 15-20% potency
Hashish
Powdery resin on flower
high in THC concentration and potency
Hash oil
Resin extracted from the flower
high in THC concentration and potency
How it’s used
Recreation
Medical
Ways it is used
Eaten
Food
Candy
Desserts
Drinks
Sodas
Teas
Smoked
Pipes
Joints
Cigars
E-cigarettes
Topicals
Lotion
Patches
Salves
Effects (on the body/mind)
Short term
increase heart rate
appetite
dry mouth
redden eyes
anxiety
paranoia
Long term
damage to pulmonary function
decline in cognitive performance
impaired thinking
impaired learning
Alcohol
Common forms
Beer 2-9%
ales
stouts
lagers
malt
Wine
12% - red, white, sherry
20% - port, Madeira, muscatel
DIstilled Spirits 40-50%
Vodka, gin
Rum, brandy
whiskey, bourbon
tequila
Liqueurs
20-25% Schnapps, Bailey's Irish cream
How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)
USES
Solvents- perfumes,toiletries, etc
Fuel
ethanol
Sterilization
isopropyl
Libation
spirits, beer, wine
Recreation
Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)
Must be 21 years old to consume and purchase
National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984
In all states
How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)
Absorption- mostly in the small intestine to go directly to blood stream
Food or water
Slows down absorption rate
Carbonated liquids
Speeds up absorption rate
Vary individually
Gender
Culture
Metabolism
Weight
Enters the central nervous system
Reticular formation
relaxation
Cerebellum
loss of fine motor cordination
Cerebral Cortex
blurred vision, slurred speech, lower inhibition
Heart pumps it throughout body
The Liver is the primary organ that breaks down alcohol in the body
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
Short term
Binge drinking
alcohol poisoning
Blacking out
Long term
Potential abuse / addiction
Increase risky behavior
trying drugs
sex without protection
driving under the influence
Effects on cognitive growth
brain damage
Routes of Administration
Oral ingestion
absorption through the small intestine after drinking
Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)
Depressant
slows down brain and neural functioning
used to enhance mood or relax
Effects (on the body/mind)
short term
slows heart rate
Impaired coordination
impaired judgement
slurred speech
long term
Organ disease or damage
Liver damage
Cirrhosis
Brain damage
reduction of brain tissue
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Sleep interruption
Body doesn't enter rem sleep
Works Cited
Tobacco
How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)
1) Enters the Blood Stream
Nicotine the main active chemical in tobacco products Makes its way into the central nervous system.
2) It mimics acetylcholine by acting at several cholinergic receptors
First stimulates and then blocks the receptor
3) Redistributes to the rest of the body
primarily deactived by the liver
Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)
Federal Level
Before 1890's physicians believed it had medical benefits curing headaches but this was debunked
1964 First Surgeon General Report
detailed that smoking tobacco increased the risks of lung disease
2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
Authorizing the FDA to regulate tobacco products and implemented rules
December 2019
Congress passed a federal law to raise the national age of purchase and consumption to 21
State Level
Oregon State Law January 1, 2018
Changed the legal age of purchase and consumption from 18 to 21
19 States passed a Tobacco 21 law
Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and Washington (Tobaccofreekids.org)
Classification
Stimulant
Alertness
How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)
Medical Use
Tobacco Replacement Therapy to help quiting
Patches
Gum
Recreation Use
Smokeable
Cigarettes
Cigars
E-Cigarettes
Hookah
Smokeless
Chew
Snuff
Routes of Administration
Inhalation
Oral
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
Short Term
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Increased Oxygen consumption
disrupted sleep
dizziness
Long Term
Addiction
Dependency
Aorta Enlargment
Lung Disease or Cancer
Emphysema
COPD
Arteriosclerosis
Possible blood restriction
Blood clotting tendency
Effects (on the body/mind)
Short term
Alertness
Nausea or vomiting
Decreased hunger after smoking
Dry mouth
Peptic ulcers
diarrhea
Heartburn
Long term
Chemical Dependency
Want to stop smoking but cant
change in blood circulation
Overworking the heart
changing the heart rhythm
Cognitive Impairment
Common forms
Tobacco Leaves
Wet
Chew
Snuff
Dry
Cigarettes
Cigars
propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin-based liquid with nicotine, flavoring and other chemicals and metals (Centeronaddiction.org)
Vaping
E Cigarette
Caffeine
Effects (on the body/mind)
Short Term
Pleasant feeling
Reverses the feelings of fatigue
Cardiovascular system
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Blood vessel dilation
Blood vessels in the brain are constricted
Long Term
Irregular heartbeat in large amounts of caffeine consumption
Basal metabolic rate might be increased slightly
Caffeinism
irritability
nervousness
insomnia
twitching
gastrointestinal disturbances
palpitations
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
Short term
jittery feeling
Dehydration
Anxiousness
Long term
Dependency
Addiction
Can reduce the change of pregnancy in women in high amounts
Increase the risks of heath attacks
Anxiety
Sleep disturbances
Routes of Administration
Oral Ingestion
Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)
As a Food Addictive
The Code of Federal Regulations provides that caffeine in cola-type beverages may be added at levels not to exceed .02% by volume (about 70 mg caffeine per 12 oz. can) (crnusa.org)
Naturally Occurring Caffeine
No limits on how much caffeine can be in coffee
Dietary Supplements
Energy drinks can have higher amounts of caffeine because they are classified as supplements
Common forms
Drinks
Tea
Coffee
Soft Drinks
Energy Drinks
Pills
Alertness tablets
Migraine medicine
Weight loss supplements
How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)
Medicinal
Alertness tablets
NoDoz
Migraine medicine
Excedrin
Weight loss Supplements
Zantrex-3
Recreation
Used daily by some for alertness or focus qualities Most common form is in drinks
Coffee, Tea, Soft drinks, Energy drinks
Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)
Stimulant
How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)
1) Enters Blood Stream
Absorption is rapid after ingestion. Peak blood levels are reached after 30 minutes
2) Caffeine binds to the adenosine receptors
Allowing your brain to not feel tired
Prevents dopamine from being reabsorbed and hang out in the blood stream longer
3) Causes vascular dilation but in the brain the blood vessels are restricted
quickens the heart rate and oxygen consumption
Works CIted
Methamphetamine
Common forms
Chemically similar to amphetamines
pills
help treat ADHD
narcolepsy
crystallized rocks
man made in meth labs
bitter powder or pill
Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)
Illegal in all states
Felony charge for possession
Federal laws
minimum of 5 years for possesion
Prescribed by a doctor
for a found medical condtion
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
short term
paranoia
confusion
risky behvavior
increased risk of getting HIV if needles are shared
intense itching
long term
addiction
memory loss
change in brain structure and function
reduced dopamine levels
effect emotion and memory parts
violent behavior
increased blood pressure and body temperature
How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)
1) Distributed through the bloodstream
makes its way to the brain
2) Acts on dopamine receptors in the brain
increases levels of dopamine
intense pleasure from the increased levels
3) Pumped through out the rest of the body
it stay chemically intake until it reaches the liver where it breaks down into amphetamine
How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)
injecting
diluted in alcohol or water
smoking
usually in a glass pipe and inhaling the vapors
snorting
crushed up crystals
swallowing
In pill form
used for ADHD
Effects (on the body/mind)
Short term
Increased wakefulness / physical activity
faster breathing
increased heart rate
decreased appetite
increased blood pressure and body temperature
Long term
extreme weight loss
sleep problems
severe dental problems
paranoia
hallucinations
Routes of Administration
Oral delivery
Intravenous
Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)
stimulant
Depressants/Inhalants
How it works (in the body-what organs/systems effected)
1) Enters the bloodstream
Subtopic
Subtopic
2) Act on the GABA receptors
increases there inhibitory activity
this slows the brain activity
3) Distributed throughout the body
effecting the body in various ways
Effects (on the body/mind)
Short Term
depressants
sluggishness
trouble urinating
dilated pupils
fever
slow speech
fatigue
confusion
inhalants
lightheaded
dizziness
lack of coordination
trouble breathing
muscle weakness
bloody noses
blurred vision
Long Term
depressant
depression
sexual issues
trouble breathing
sleep problems
weight gain
high blood pressure
inhalant
brain damage
kidney or liver damage
numbness
severe rash
memory problems
personality changes
hearing loss
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
Short Term
depressants
anxiety
insomnia
sleep disorder
seizures
Subtopic
Subtopic
Subtopic
Subtopic
Long Term
depressants
tolerance
addiction
inhalant
addiction
tolerance
mood swings
hallucinations
Routes of Administration
Depressants
Insufflation
Oral Consumption
Intravenously
Inhalants
Inhaled
Regulation (laws against it? Where? Age requirement?)
Inhalants
There is no regulation on inhalants because they are regular household items that are being abused to get high
depressants
Federal & State Law
Schedule II drug for high abuse potential
In 2000 GHB was moved to a shedule I drug
How it’s used (recreation, medicinal)
Come in pill form can be crushed to snort, taken orally, or intravenously
barbiturates & benzodiazepines (depressants)
anticonvulsants
used for seizures
Narcolepsy
rohypnol
anxiolytics
reduce anxiety
tranquilizers (depressants)
hypnotics (depressants)
used for insomnia
medicinal
recreation
Breathed in
Inhalants
Volatile Solvents
Subtopic
Aerosols, propellants, gases
Subtopic
Anesthetics
Subtopic
Nitrites
Nitrous Oxide (inhalant)
laughing gas used for dental work or by pediatrics
All inhalants are used this way even though these chemicals are not intended for that
Common forms
Inhalants
Poppers
glues
markers
aerosol
acetone
nitrous oxide
Depressants
Benzodiazepines
hypnotics
barbiturates
tranquilizers
GHB
Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)
depressants & inhalants
depressant
works cited
Recreation and medicinal
Opioids
Common forms
Natural products
morphine
Codeine
Semisynthetics
heroin
Synthetics
methadone
meperidine
oxycodone
oxymorphone
hydrocodone
hydromorphone
dihydrocodeine
propoxyphene
pentazocine
fentanyl
Regulation
1915 possession of opioids were illegal if not obtained from a doctor
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program
used to combat the opioid crisis by keeping track of prescription to customers state wide
Missouri is the only state that doesn't have one
Schedule II drugs
high potential for abuse
Concerns (include short-term and long-term)
Short term
Long term
Loss of consciousness or coma
overdose
Difficulty concentrating
Lack of motivation
Depression
Tolerance
leading to dependency
How it works
Enters the blood stream
by some route
Attaches to pain receptors
signals are not sent to the brain
Attaches to inhibitory receptors in the VTA of the brain
dopamine is increased in the brain giving a person a rush or high
inhibitory receptors work harder to shut of dopamine making it hard for the body to send dopamine out at the same rate as before
Classification (stimulant, depressant, etc.)
depressant
How it’s used
Recreation
Synthetics
Can be ingested, insufflation, injected, or smoked
methadone
meperidine
oxycodone
oxymorphone
hydrocodone
hydromorphone
dihydrocodeine
propoxyphene
pentazocine
fentanyl
Semi-synthetics
Injected
heroin
no medical use in the united states
Natural forms
morphine
codeine
Medical
Chronic pain
Cough suppressant
Intestinal Disorder
Anesthesia
Executions
Fentanyl was used in the first execution in 2018
Routes of administration
Oral Ingestion
Intravenous
Nasal Spray
Insuffilation
Effects
Long term
Irregular heartbeat
Weak bones
hormonal problems
increased pain
severe abdominal pain
Short term
Drowsiness
Slowed heart rate
shallow breathing
Constipation
Nausea
unconciousness
temporarily block pain
Dry mouth
Mental fog
Psychedelics
Effects
short term
dissociative
Decreased breathing
possible seizure
abnormal heart rate
unable to feel pain
hallucinogens
alters sense
time and space
reality
Intense feelings
mood swings
long term
visual disturbances
disorganized thinking
Tolerance to LSD is possible but not addiction
How it works
1) Taken by mouth
2) Absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract rapidly
3) brain contains less amounts then organs in the body
half of the LSD is metabolized every three hours
decreasing blook levels
Common Forms
Hallucinogens
LSD
Psilocybin
DMT
Ayahuasca
Dissociatives
mescaline peyote
PCP
Amphetamine Derivatives
MDMA and MDA
Anticholinergics
Belladona, mandrakes, Datura, Henbane
Original deliriants
not popular because of adverse side effects
Regulations
Schedule I drug
since the 1970 controlled substances act
very limited medical research opportunities
illegal to use
Concerns
short term
Hallucinogens
increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
nausea
dizziness
Dissociative
Anxiety
memory loss
Disconnection from reality
impaired speach
long term
Bad trips
Increased delusions
potential mental disturbances
decreased motivation
increased anxiety
impaired memory
How it is used
Recreational only because there is no legal medicinal use
Entactogens
To produce feelings within ( heightened empathy)
MDMA
ketamine
mescaline peyote
Entheogen
Used for spiritual or religious experiences
peyote
mushrooms
ayahuasca
Alters visual and auditory senses
Hallucinogens
Dissociative
Routes of Administration
Oral ingestion
inhalation
Intravenous
Sublingual
Classification
psychotomimetic
disassociation
hallucinations