Non-Classical Computing

DNA computing is recognized as one of the most outstanding candidates of next‐generation molecular computers that perform Boolean logic using DNAs as basic elements. Benefiting from DNAs’ inherent merits of low‐cost, easy‐synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and high programmability, DNA computing has evoked substantial interests and gained burgeoning advancements in recent decades, and also exhibited amazing magic in smart bio‐applications.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202001766

CRISPR is a genome-editing tool. It is used by researchers/health care professionals to alter DNA sequences and modify gene function.CRISPR is also used to correct genetic defects, treat human diseases, and yield better crop varietiesCRISPR stands for Clusters of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules: Cas9 and guide RNA, which introduces a change or mutation into the DNA at the desired position.Cas9 is an enzyme that acts as a pair of ‘molecular scissors’ and can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removedThe guide RNA (also known as gRNA) is a small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence (about 20 bases long) located within a longer RNA scaffold. The scaffold part binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence ‘guides’ Cas9 to the right part of the genome.This makes sure that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome. High orthogonality, versatility, and efficiency of CRISPR technology make it a preferred genome editing technology.https://www.biospace.com/article/crispr-technology-market-rise-in-focus-on-gene-therapeutics-is-projected-to-contribute-to-the-growth-of-the-market/

Retrons are segments of bacterial DNA that undergo reverse transcription to produce fragments of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Retrons’ existence has been known for decades, but the function of the ssDNA they produce flummoxed scientists from the 1980s until June 2020, when a team finally figured out that retron ssDNA detects whether a virus has infected the cell, forming part of the bacterial immune system.While retrons were originally seen as simply a mysterious quirk of bacteria, researchers have become more interested in them over the last few years because they, like CRISPR, could be used for precise and flexible gene editing in bacteria, yeast, and even human cells. https://wyss.harvard.edu/news/move-over-crispr-the-retrons-are-coming/

DNA inside living bacterial cells has been edited with CRISPR technology to encode and store information. This could be a step towards developing a new medium for long-term data storage.https://www.newscientist.com/article/2264383-crispr-gene-editing-used-to-store-data-in-dna-inside-living-cells/#ixzz6u1G5eFfm

DNA nanorobots designed in minutes instead of days“But now, nanodevices that may have taken us several days to design before now take us just a few minutes,” Castro said. And now researchers can make much more complex – and useful – nanodevices.https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news2/newsid=57809.php

Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging technology with a lot of promise. It fundamentally changes the way we perform calculations by relying on probabilities rather than logical paths.

Explain the difference between a classical bit and a qubit.https://youtu.be/HdSmIUuGf-I 1:45 timeBit = 1 or 0Qubit= 1 and 0photon, electron, ion, atom

a close connection that makes each of the qubits react to a change in the other's state instantaneouslyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhHMJCUmq284:15

Qubits can be in multiple states at the same time.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhHMJCUmq28 3:23

the act of observation changes the outcome

Hot qubits are the major key to overcome any obstacle the scale needs for the new technologyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-_GQBszZYg

1. Quantum AnnealerQuantum annealing is defined to be the generic solver for optimization problems. Researchers are still finding ways to explore the most efficient configurations amongst multiple possible combinations of variables. Quantum annealing is still projected as the least powerful and narrow usage of quantum computing.2. Analog Quantum SimulationsAnalog quantum simulators help in addressing physics problems that are way beyond the ability of classical systems. Quantum simulators solve some of the toughest biochemistry problems such as simulating a protein folding. For instance, misfolded proteins tend to cause diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Therefore, with the help of random computing model researchers will be able to test which drugs can be used for treatments.3. Universal QuantumHeralded as the most powerful and most generally used quantum computing, universal computing is the hardest to build. Ideally, universal computing is said to access more than 100,000 qubits i.e. 1M qubits. In the present time, we can hardly access 129 qubits.

The IBM team introduced the Quantum Volume metric specifically because a classical computer’s transistor count and a quantum computer’s quantum bit count aren’t the same. Qubits decohere, today forgetting their assigned quantum information in less than a millisecond. A quantum computer with a few, low-error, highly connected, and scalable qubits will probably bring us closer to the goal of a universal, fault-tolerant quantum computer — one capable of performing advanced quantum algorithms and powerful molecular simulations — than a device with lots of especially noisy, error-prone qubits would.https://medium.com/qiskit/what-is-quantum-volume-anyway-a4dff801c36f

drug design by mimicking moleculesquantum simulationcryptographyFinance- portfolio optimizationSearchWeather predictionhttps://www.paconsulting.com/insights/what-is-quantum-computing-performance-applications-evolution/#:~:text=Rather%20than%20valves%20and%20vacuum,run%20calculations%20and%20correct%20errors.

https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/hardware/an-optimists-view-of-the-4-challenges-to-quantum-computingQubit Quality: We need to make  that we will be able to generate useful instructions or gate operations for on a large scale. As a community, we are not there yet. Even the few qubits in today’s cloud-based quantum computers are not good enough for large scale systems. They still generate errors when running operations between two qubits at a rate that is far higher than what we would need to effectively compute. In other words, after a certain number of instructions or operations, today’s qubits produce the wrong answer when we run calculations. The result we get can be indistinguishable from noise.Error Correction: Now, because qubits aren’t quite good enough for the scale we need them to operate at, we need to implement error correction algorithms that check and then correct for random qubit errors as they occur. These are complex instruction sets that use many physical qubits to effectively extend the lifetime of the information in the system. Error correction has not yet been proven at scale for quantum computing, but it is a priority area of our research and one that I consider a prerequisite to a full-scale commercial quantum system.Qubit Control: In order to implement complex algorithms, including error correction schemes, we need to prove that we can control multiple qubits. That control must have low-latency—on the order of 10’s of nanoseconds. And it must come from CMOS-based adaptive feedback control circuits. This is a similar argument to that made in the aforementioned IEEE Spectrum article. However, though it is daunting, I have every reason to believe it is not impossible.Too Many Wires: Finally, we need to address “fan-out”—or how to scale up the number of qubits within a quantum chip. Today, we require multiple control wires, or multiple lasers, to create each qubit. It is difficult to believe that we could build a million-qubit chip with many millions of wires connecting to the circuit board or coming out of the cryogenic measurement chamber. In fact, the semiconductor industry recognized this problem in the mid-1960s and designated it Decoherence: can be viewed as the loss of information from a system into the environment (often modeled as a heat bath since every system is loosely coupled with the energetic state of its surroundings.

Scientists have made a significant improvement on previous designs in photonic systems that could make quantum computing a viable reality in the near future.Researchers at CRANN and the School of Physics at Trinity College Dublin have created a new device that will emit single particles of light, or photons, from quantum dots that are the key to practical quantum computers, quantum communications, and other quantum devices.The device allows for controllable, directional emission of single photons and which produces entangled states of pairs of quantum dots.https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2020/07/14/scientists-achieve-breakthrough-towards-quantum-future.html

At the end of last year, a monumental breakthrough was announced with the first case of long-distance, high-fidelity quantum teleportation. This was quickly followed by the creation of a cryogenic quantum computer chip, and even a hologram using quantum entanglement just after that. You could say it has been a pretty big few months for the eventual goal of a quantum Internet, which could theoretically change everything when it comes to computing speed, privacy, and capabilities. 

Qubits need to be kept isolated, otherwise they decohere and lose their overall usefulness. "This is a very big problem if you want to create a scalable network, so what you can do is use quantum teleportation, which leverages quantum entanglement to enable sending qubits over longer distances." 

Chinese scientists have established the world's first integrated quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers on the ground with two ground-to-satellite links to achieve quantum key distribution over a total distance of 4,600 kilometers for users across the country. The team, led by Jianwei Pan, Yuao Chen, Chengzhi Peng from the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei, reported in Nature their latest advances towards the global, practical application of such a network for future communications.https://phys.org/news/2021-01-world-quantum-network.html

Quantum machine learning is the intersection between quantum computing and AI that might change what the future of computing looks like.https://medium.com/illumination-curated/is-quantum-machine-learning-the-next-thing-6328b594f424

What is a quantum sensor?Quantum sensors utilize quantum states for measurements. They capitalize on the fact that quantum states are extremely sensitive to disturbances – this means that they also have the potential to become extraordinarily sensitive measuring instruments. https://www.chalmers.se/en/centres/wacqt/discover/Pages/Quantum-sensing.aspx

The project has advanced its development of a cold atom-based Quantum Positioning System (QPS), which enables vehicle navigation without a GPS (Global Positioning System) or GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signal.Reducing the reliance on GPS and GNSS technologies is critical for scenarios where signals from these systems are not available, such as underwater or in space, or when they suffer disruptions due to technical issues, cyberattacks, and atmospheric or reflection effects. High-BIAS2 demonstrates the rapid commercialization of quantum technologies for real world applications.https://theoxfordtrust.co.uk/new-milestones-for-development-of-coldquantas-quantum-positioning-system-qps/

https://line.17qq.com/articles/atqrsewax.htmlTransistors are down to the size of a single atom