Biological Organization

molecules

r

Polar bonds are hydrophilic.Nonpolar bonds are hydrophobic."Like dissolves like."

Polar

Covalent bonds ( polar if the electronegativities are very different)

Hydrogen Bonds ( when H forms a bon with N, O, or F)

Nonpolar

Covalent(if electronegativities are similar)

Biological molecules

Lipids

r

Synthesize hormones and generate energy

phospholipid

lipid made of 2 fatty acids, one glycerol, and a hydrophillic head

triglyceride

lipid made of 2 fatty acids and a glycerol

Carbohydrates

Sugars

polysaccharide

sugar made of many monomers

dissacharide

sugar made of 2 monomers

monosaccharide

suga made of one monomer

starch

proteins

r

Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins with different functions

polymers made from monomers

nucleic acids

r

Made up of individual components known as nucleotides

DNA

RNA

Organelles

cytoplasm

everything inside the membrane

Mitochondria

power plant of cell

makes energy by forming ATP

energy made by cell respiration

Glycolysis to form pyruvate

NADH and FADH enter electron transport chain. They're oxidized to form ATP.

ER

Ribosomes

choloroplasts

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicles

Centioles

lysosomes

nucleus

peroxisomes

vacuoles

cell wall

Cell membrane

Controls what goes in and out of cell.

active transport

G-protein

facilitated diffusion

small nonpolar ions down a gradient

osmosis

movement of water

simple diffusion

Cells

Eukaryotic

r

compartmentalized by membranes.this helps different organelles perform different functions simultaneously

protein synthesis occurs on 60s and 40s subunits

Prokaryotic

don't have organelles

protein synthesis occurs on 50S and 30 S subunits

cell wall

flagella-for movement

pili and fimbrae- help attach to other cells

nucleiod- where DNA is found

capsule-protection

Tissues

Organs and Organ Systems

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere

RNA uses that information to make proteins

Based on endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts should have DNA, ribosomes, and proteins.

Information from DNA is transmitted to RNA

Cells belonging to different organs all have the same genes, but, depending on the function of the organ, only some are expressed.

In multicellular organisms, cells need to take on a specific role

Genes are expensive to express for a unicellular organism

in prokaryotes, operators control whether a gene is on or off

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles

Oxidation of pyruvate molecules to form Acetyl Co-A

***Transcription and translation can happen simulaneously in prokaryotes**

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm