The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment I
Interest groups who count on Freedom of Speech
Republican, Conservative, The Right
Pro-Life
The National Rifle Association
NRA
The far far far cray cray Right
KKK
Arian Nation groups
Democrat, Liberal, The Left
Pro-Choice
LGBT
The Far Left
Texas Leftist
Texas Tea Party
Impact on Public School Prayer in Texas
Legal Institutions
Texas Trial Lawyers Association
Texans for Lawsuit Reform
Texans for Public Justice
Cornell University Law School
Texas Attorney General
First Liberty Institute
Texas Education Agency
The First Amendment guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. It forbids Congress from both promoting one religion over others and also restricting an individual’s religious practices. It guarantees freedom of expression by prohibiting Congress from restricting the press or the rights of individuals to speak freely. It also guarantees the right of citizens to assemble peaceably and to petition their government.
Heather Christeson
Freedom of Speech (1791)
Protected Speech
Prior Restraint
Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact; generally held to be in violation of the First Amendment.
Symbolic Speech
Symbols, signs, and other methods of expression generally considered to be protected by the First Amendment.
Hate Speech
Any communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of characteristics.
Characteristics: A feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it. Merriam-Webster
Identify: I. Establish or indicate who or what (someone or something) is. II. Associate (someone) closely with; regard (someone) as having strong links with. Merriam-Webster
Unpopular Speech
Unprotected Speech
Libel
False written statement that defames a person's character.
Slander
Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person.
Fighting Words
Words that "by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace." Fighting words are not subject to the restrictions of the First Amendment.
Obscenity
Lewdness
“In the name of emotional well-being, college students are increasingly demanding protection from words, subjects and ideas they don’t like; that’s disastrous for education—and mental health”, according to Lukianoff and Haidt.
Trigger Warnings (verbal)
I. Alerts that something in a course might cause a strong emotional response; if a student has been previously victimized by racism, domestic violence, etc. they can choose to avoid these works, which they believe might “trigger” a recurrence of past trauma.”
II. “Motivated reasoning”, “the idea that words (or smells or any sensory input) can trigger searing memories of past trauma - and intense fear that it may be repeated, also, a long list of ideas and attitudes that some students find politically offensive, in the name of preventing other students from being harmed, finally, to issue warnings before covering material that might evoke a negative emotional response”, as defined by Lukianoff and Haidt.
Vindictive Protectiveness
"When speech comes to be seen as a form of violence, vindictive protectiveness can justify a hostile, and perhaps even violent, response”, as defined by Lukianoff and Haidt.
Microagressions
“Microagressions are small actions or word choices that seem on their face to have no malicious intent but that are thought of as a kind of violence nonetheless”, as defined by Lukianoff and Haidt.
Magnification
Burns defines, "magnification as exaggerat[ing] the importance of things."
Catastrophizing
"A kind of magnification that turns commonplace negative events into nightmarish monsters”, according to Burns.