Universal Ancestor
* DNA as Genetic Storage
* Ester Bonds in Cell Membranes
Bacteria
* Presence of Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall
Common Ancestor
of Archaea and Eukarya
* Histones Present
Archaea
* Ether Bonds in Cell Membranes
Eukarya
* Presence of Membrane-Bound Nucleus
* Presence of Membrane-Bound Organelles
Archaeplastida
* Primary plastid
Rhodophytes
Common Ancestor
of Chlorophytes, Charophytes and
Land Plants
Chlorophytes
Common Ancestor of Charophytes and Land Plants
Charophytes
Braun's Stonewort
(Chara Braunii)
Land Plants
*Sporic life cycle
*Embryos
*Apical meristems
*Gametangia
*Sporangia
*Desiccation-Resistant spores
Liverworts
Common liverwort
(Marchantia Polymorpha)
Subtopic
Mosses
Field Hornwort
(Anthoceros agrestis)
Subtopic
Hornworts
Field Hornworrt
(Anthoceros agresstis)
Common Ancestor of
Seedless Vascular Plants
*Lignin
*Xylem and phloem
*Leaves
*Dominant sporophyte generation
*Thick waxy cuticle
*Stomata
Lycophytes
Fan clubmoss
(Diphasiastrum digtatum)
Common Ancestor of Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
*Megaphylls
Monilophytes
Eastern Marsh Fern
(Thelypteris plaustris)
Subtopic
Southern Magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora)
Seed Plants common ancestor:
*Seeds
*Pollen
*Ovules
*Wood
*Heterospory
Gymnosperms
*Fruit
*Flowers
Bald Cypress
(Taxodium distichum)
Scots Pine
(Pinus sylvestris)
Angiosperms
*Ovaries
*Fruits
*Flowers
*Endosperm
Southern Magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora)
White Water Lili
(Nymphaea alba)
Excavata
* Feeding groove
* Secondary plastid
Euglenoids
SAR clade
Common Ancestor
of Stramenopila and Alveolata
* Secondary plastids
Stramenopila
*Tripartite flagellar hair
Giant Kelp
(Macrocystis pyrifera)
Diatoms
Alveolata
* Membranous vesicles on cell membrane
Dinoflagellate
Rhizaria
* Filose pseudopodia
Radiolarians
Foraminiferas
Unikonta
Amebozoa
* Movement with pseudopodia
Slime molds
Opisthokonta
* Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells
American Black Bear
(Ursus americanus)
Black Bread Mold
(Rhizopus stolonifer)
Fly Agaric
(Amanita muscaria)