Universal Ancestor
* DNA as Genetic Storage
* Ester Bonds in Cell Membranes
Bacteria
* Presence of Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall
Escherichia coli
Common Ancestor
of Archaea and Eukarya
* Histones Present
Archaea
* Ether Bonds in Cell Membranes
Eukarya
* Presence of Membrane-Bound Nucleus
* Presence of Membrane-Bound Organelles
Archaeplastida
rhodophytes
common ancestor of chlorophytes, charophytes, and land plants
zygotic life cycle ancestor
chlorophyta
chlorophytes
Common ancestor of charophytes and land plants
Charophytes
Braun's stonewort (Chara braunii)
Land Plants:
*Sporic life cycle
*embryos
*apical meristems
*gametangia
*Sporangia
*Desiccation resistant spores
liverworts
Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)
-
mosses
Woolly Feather Moss (Tomentypnum nitens
-
hornworts
Field hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis)
Common Ancestor of seedless vascular plants:
*lignin
*xylem and phloem
*Leaves
*Dominant Sporophyte generation
*Thick waxy cuticle
*Stomata
lycophytes
Fan clubmoss (Diphasiastrum digitatum)
Common Ancestor of Monilophytes, Gymnosperms, and angiosperms
*Megaphyls
monilophytes
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Common Ancestor of seed plants:
*seeds
*Pollen
*Wood
*Heterospory
*ovules
Gymnosperms
scots Pine
bald cypress
Angiosperms:
*Flowers
*Fruit
*Endosperm
*Ovaries
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)
white water lily
SAR clade
Rhizaria: *Fillose pseudopodia
radiolarians
foraminiferas
Common ancestor of Stramenopila and alveota *secondary plastids
Alveolata: membranous vesicles on cell membrane
dinoflagellate
stramenopila: tripartite flagellar hair
Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)
diatoms
Excavata: *Feeding groove
euglenoids
Unikonta
Opisthokonta
Common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates
common ancestor of animals :
*Multicellular
*absorptive heterotrophy
*
Animals:
*Mobility
*Gametic
*
Porifera
Giant Barrel Sponge (Xestospongia muta)
eumetoza
*tissues
cnidaria
*radial symmetry
*diploblasty
Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita)
bilateria
Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)
anthozoa
*dominant polyp
hydrozoa
*alternating between medusa and polyp
Pennaria disticha
scyphozoa
*dominant medusa
Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata)
bilateria
*bilateral symmetry
*tripoblasty
*cephalization
Deuterostomia
*radial and indeterminate clevage
*blastopore becomes anus
common ancestor
echinodermata
*water vascular system
common ancestor
ophiurodea
Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura)
asteroidea
Giant Sea Star (Pisaster giganteus)
common ancestor
holothuroidea
California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus)
echinoidea
Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
hemichordata
chordata
euchordata
Sea Squirt (Polycarpa aurata)
agnathans
Pacific Hagfish
vertebra:
:Notochord
:Hollow dorsal nerve chord
:Pharyngeal slits
:Post anal tail
:Cranium
:Vertebral column
vertebrate ancestor with jaw
Chondrichthyes
*cartilagineous skeleton
Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Bony fish ancestor
*bony skeleton
ray finned fishes
Blue Tang (Paracanthurus hepatus)
Lobe finned fishes
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
tetrapod ancestor
*lung derivatives
lung fish
Leopard lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus)
ancestor with limbs with digits
amphibian
Red Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)
amniota:
*amniotic sacs
reptilia
crocodila
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
turtles
Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
endothermy
birds
Roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja)
lepidosaurs
lizards
Green anole (Anolis carolinensis)
snakes
Mammilia: endothermy
mammary glands
hair
Ursus americanus
jawless vertebrates
cephalochordata
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Protostomia
*spiral and determinate clevage
*blastopore becomes mouth
Lophotrocozoa
*Trocophore larvae
*lophophore
Annelida
errantia
Common Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
sedentaria
mollusca
bivalvia
cephalopoda
Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)
gastropoda
*stomach foot
Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)
platyhelminthes
teramatoda
cestoda
Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)
free-living rhabditophorans
Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
Pseudobiceros sp.
ecdysozoa
*ecdysis
Nematoda
Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arthropoda
chelicerata
Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)
hexapoda
Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)
crustecea
Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)
Choanoflagellates (Desmarella moniliformis):
*unicellular
*mobility with flagella
*form colonies
(Desmarella moniliformis)
Fungi:
*Chitin cell wall
*zygotic
Black Bread Mold (>Rhizopus stolonifer)
Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
Amebozoa: movement with pseudopodia
Nucleariid (Nuclearia thermophila)
slime molds