Water (Covalent Bonded)

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Water (Covalent Bonded)

Main properties of water

Density

Soild water is less dense than liquid water

Ice lattice

Hydrogen bonds keep water molecules spread apart

Water organisms, survive due to this because water freezes top down

High specific heat of vaporization

Energy required to heat substance

Water = high specific heat capacity

Help moderate air temperature in bodies of water

Helps organisms maintain constant body temperature

Universal solvent

E.g. Dissociation of NaCl

Non polar substances (undissolvable)

Hydrophobic

Water hating

Immiscible

Polar substances (dissolvable)

Hydrophillic

Water loving

Miscible

Adhesion

Attraction of water molecules to other things

Capillary action

Water droplets stick to surface

Cohesion

Attraction of water molecules to each other

H-Bonds

Surface tension

Spherical droplets

Intramolecular forces

Metallic Bonds

Positive metal ion interaction

E.g. Fe

Ionic Bonds

Electron transfer

E.g. NaCl

Covalent bonds

Nonpolar

Equal sharing

E.g. O2

Polar

Unequal sharing

E.g. H20

Intermolecular forces

Dispersion

Weak, temporary forces caused by random movement of electrons

E.g. nonpolar molecule O2

Hydrogen bonding

Strong attraction between (h) and electronegative atoms(O,N,F).

Eg. Water molecules

Ionic

Bonds between ions of opposite charges

Eg: NaCl, where Na+ and Cl- attract

Dipole

Partial positive and negative charges due to uneven electron distribution

Eg. water has a positive H side and a negative O side

Functional groups Definition: A group of atoms responsible for certain properties of a molecule.

Examples

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Found in: Amino acids

Example: Cysteine

Properties: Forms disulfide bonds

Phosphate (-PO4)

Found in: DNA and ATP

Example: Glycerol phosphate

Properties: Contributes negatively charged energy transfer. Has the potential to react with water

Amino (-NH2)

Found in: Proteins

Example: Glycine

Properties: Acts as a base for H+

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Found in: Proteins

Example: Acetic acid which is what gives vinegar its sour taste.

Properties: Acidic and can donate a hydrogen bonds.

Carbonyl

Ketones (-C=O)

Found in: Ketoses

Example: Acetone

Properties: Polar and reactive

Aldehyde (-C=O)

Found in: Aldoses and formaldehyde

Example: Propanol

Properties: Polar reactive, and can participate in hydrogen bonding.

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Found in: Carbohydrates and alcohols

Example: Ethanol in alcoholic beverages

Properties: Polar and can form hydrogen bonds.