A Common Ancestor
- DNA
- Ester bonds
Bacteria
- Simple RNA polymerase (four polypeptides)
- Formylmethionine structure in initiator tRNA
- Cell wall does contain peptidoglycan
Escherichia coli
A Common Ancestor
- Histones
- Multiple RNA polymerases (eight or more polypeptides)
- Methionine structure in initiator tRNA
Archaea
- Ether bonds
- Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
Methanobrevibacter smithii
Subtopic
Eukarya
- Chromosomes in membrane-bound nucleus
- Membrane-bound organelles
- Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan, but is present
Bikonta
Corticata
Ancoracysta
Picozoa
Podiata
Unikonta
Amoebozpa
- Pseudopodia that extend like tubes or flat lobes
Eumycetozoa
Slime Molds (Phylum Mycetozoa)
Archamobae
Lobosea
Obazoa
Breviatea
Apusomonadida and Opisthokonts'
Apusomonadida
Opisthokonta
- Single posterior
flagellum on
swimming cells
- absorptive heterotrophs
Holomycota
Nucleariids
Fonticulida
Nucleariida
Fungi
- multicellular
- cell wall (composed of chitin)
- zygotic life cycle
Lower Fungi (Phycomycetes)
Zygomycota
Mucoromycotina
Mucoromycetes
Mucorales
Rhizopodaceae
Rhizopus
Black Bread Mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)
Chyridiomycota
Glomeromycota
Higher Fungi (Dikarya)
Ascomycota
Basidiomucota
Dacrymycetes
Agaricomycetes
Agaricomycetidae
Agaricales
Pluteineae
Amanitaceae
Amaniteae
Amanita
Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
Holozoa
Ichthyosporea
Filozoa and Pluiformea
Pluriformea
Corallochytrium
Syssomonas
Philozoa
- mobility
Filasterea
Choanozoa
Chanoflagellates
Animalia (Metazoa)
- multicellular
- complex organ systems
- gametic life cycle
Porifera (Sponges)
Eumetazoa
- true tissues
Ctenophora
ParaHoxozoa
?
Placozoa
Cnidaria
- radial symmetry
- 2 tissue layers
Anthozoa
Octocorallia
Hexacorallia
Actiniaria
Antipatharia
Corallimorpharia
Scleractinia
Acroporidae
Acropora
Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata)
Zoantharia
Ceriantharia
Medusozoa
Hydrozoa
Hydroidolina
Anthoathecata
Moersia
Hydrichthys
Aplanulata
Capitata
Pennariidae
Pennaria
Pennaria disticha
Filifera
Leptothecata
Siphonophorae
Trachylinae
Acraspeda
Staurozoa
Rhopallophora
Scyphozoa
Coronamedusae
Discomedusae
Rhizostomeae
Semaeostomeae
Cyaneidae
Drymonematidae
Pelagiidae
Phacellophoridae
Ulmaridae
Undosa
Aureliinae
Aurelia
Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita)
Aurosa
Deepstariinae
Poraliinae
Stellamedusinae
Sthenoniinae
Stygiomedusinae
Tiburoniinae
Ulmarinae
Cubozoa
Myxozoa
Bilateria (Triploblasts)
- bilateral symmetry
- 3 tissue layers
Xenacoelomorpha
Xenoturbellida
Acoelomorpha
Nephrozoa
Deuterostomia
- deuterostome development
Chordata
- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve chord
- pharyngeal slits
- post anal tail
Cephalochordates
Leptocardii
Branchiostomatidae
Asymmetron
Branchiostoma
Branchiostoma lanceolatum
Epigonichthys
Olfactores
- cranium
Tunicates (urochordata)
Appendicularia
Ascidiacea
Unnamed Taxon
Thaliacea
Doliolida
Salpida
Unnamed Taxon
Phlebobranchia
Aplousobranchia '
Stolidobranchia
Molgulidae
Unnamed Taxon
Styelidae
Pyuridae
Halocynthia
Pacific Sea Peach (Halocynthia aurantium)
Craniates (Vertebrata)
- vertebral column
Agnatha
Myxini
Myxiniformes
Myxinidae
Eptatretinae
Eptatretus
Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)
Hyperoartia
Unnamed Taxon
Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa
Zhongjianichthys rostratus
Conodonta
Cephalaspidomorphi
Pteraspidomorphi
Osteostraci
Gnathostomata
- jaws
Placodermi
Eugnathostomata
- bony skeleton
Chondrichthyes
- cartilaginous skeleton
Elasmobranchii
Neoselachii
Selachii
Galeomorphi
Lamniformes
Lamnidae
Carcharodon
Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Holocephali
Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes)
Perciformes
Acanthuridae
Acanthurinae
Paracanthurus
Blue Tang (Paracanthurus hepatus)
Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes)
- lungs / lung derivative
Onychodontidae
Actinistia
Miguashaiidae
Unnamed Taxon
Diplocercidae
Hadronectoridae
Rhabdodermatidae
Unnamed Taxon
Sassenia
Unnamed Taxon
Unnamed Taxon
Coelacanthidae
Laugiidae
Unnamed Taxon
Spermatodus
Coelacanthiformes
Whiteiidae
Unnamed Taxon
Rebellatricidae
Latimerioidei
Garnbergia
Mawsoniidae
Unnamed Taxon
Unnamed Taxon
Diplurus
Libys
Megalocoelacanthus
Latimeriidae
Unnamed Taxon
Holophagus
Undina
Unnamed Taxon
Macropoma
Unnamed Taxon
Swenzia
Latimeria
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
Rhipidistia
Styloichthys changae
Dipnomorpha
Tetrapodomorpha
Tungsenia paradoxa
Kenichthys campbelli
Unnamed Taxon
Rhizodontiformes
Unnamed Taxon
Thysanolepidae
Canowindridae
Unnamed Taxon
Osteolepiformes
Eotetrapodiformes
Tristichopteridae
Unnamed Taxon
Tinirau clackae
Unnamed Taxon
Platycephalichthys
Elpistostegalia
Panderichthys rhombolepis
Unnamed Taxon
Elpistostegidae
Stegocephalia
Elginerpetonidae
Unnamed Taxon
Unnamed Taxon
Metaxygnathus denticulus
Ventastega curonica
Tetrapoda
- limbs w/digits
Amphibia
Anura
Phyllomedusidae
Agalychnis
Red Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)
Amniota
- amniotic egg
Synapsida
- milk
- hair
Mammalia
Theria
Placentalia
Laurasiatheria
Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursinae
Ursus
American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)
Reptilia
Parareptilia
Eureptilia
Captorhinidae
Romeriida
Paleothyris
Diapsida
Araeoscelidia
Neodiapsida
Claudiosaurus
Unnamed Taxon
Younginiformes
Reptilia
Lepidosauromorpha
Kuehneosauridae
Lepidosauria
Rhynchocephalia
Squamata
Archosauromorpha
Unnamed Taxon
Choristodera
Unnamed Taxon
Prolacertiformes
Unnamed Taxon
Unnamed Taxon
Trilophosaurus
Rhynchosauria
Archosauriformes
Pantestudines
Eosauropterygia
Unnamed Taxon
Placodontia
Unnamed Taxon
Sinosaurosphargis
Unnamed Taxon
Odontochelys
Testudinata
Proganochelys
Testudines
Chelonioidea
Cheloniidae
Carettinae
Chelonia
Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Ambulacraria
Echinodermata
Crinoidea
Unnamed Taxon
Echinozoa
Holothuroidea
Actinopoda
Synallactida
Stichopodidae
Apostichopus
California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus)
Paractinopoda
Echinoidea
Cidaroidea
Euechinoidea
Acroechinoidea
Carinacea
Calycina
Echinacea
Arbacioida
Camarodonta
Gagaria
Echinidea
Odontophora
Echinometridae
Strongylocentrotidae
Hemicentrotus
Mesocentrotus
Pseudocentrotus
Strongylocentrotus
Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
Toxopneustidae
Echinidae
Parechinidae
Temnopleuridea
Parasaleniidae
Stomopneustoida
Irregularia
Echinothurioida
Asterozoa
Ophiuroidea
Myophiuroida
Metophiurida
Euryophiurida
Euryalida
Ophiurida
Anophiura
Ophiomusina
Ophiurina
Astrophiuridae
Ophiopyrgidae
Ophiuridae
Ophiurinae
Ophiura
Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura)
Ophintegrida
Asteroidea
Hemichordata
Protostomia
- protostome development
Ecdysozoa
- molting
Scalidophora
?
Panarthropoda
Onychophora
Tactopoda
Tardigrada
Eutardigrada
Heterotardigrada
Mesotardigrada
Arthropoda
Trilobitomorpha
Pycnogonida
Chelicerata
Xiphosura
Unnamed Taxon
Unnamed Taxon
Eurypterida
Chasmataspidida
Unnamed Taxon
Arachnida
Acari
Amblypygi
Araneae
Araneomorphae
Entelegynae
Araneoidea
Theridiidae
Latrodectus
Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)
Haplogynae
Austrochiloidea
Hypochilidae
Psilodercidae
Mesothelae
Mygalomorphae
Opiliones
Palpigradi
Pseudoscorpiones
Ricinulei
Schizomida
Scorpiones
Solifugae
ropygi
Pycnogonida
Mandibulata
Myriapoda
Symphyla
Chilopoda
Unnamed Taxon
Diplopoda
Pauropoda
Pancrustacea (Crustacea)
Oligostraca
Ostracoda
Maxillopoda
Altocrustacea
Multicrustacea
Maxillopoda
Malacostraca
Phyllocarida
Hoplocarida
Eumalacostraca
Syncarida
Peracarida
Eucarida
Amphionidacea
Euphausiacea
Decapoda
Dendrobranchiata
Pleocyemata
Stenopodidea
Caridea
Astacidea
Glypheidea
Axiidea
Gebiidea
Achelata
Polychelida
Anomura
Brachyura
Dromiacea
Raninoida
Cyclodorippoida
Eubrachyura
Thoracotremata
Heterotremata
Aethroidea
Bellioidea
Bythograeoidea
Calappoidea
Cancroidea
Carpilioidea
Cheiragonoidea
Corystoidea
Dairoidea
Dorippoidea
Eriphioidea
Gecarcinucoidea
Goneplacoidea
Hexapodoidea
Hymenosomatoidea
Leucosioidea
Majoidea
Orithyioidea
Palicoidea
Parthenopoidea
Pilumnoidea
Portunoidea
Brusiniidae
Carcinidae
Geryonidae
Portunidae
Achelouinae
Caphyrinae
Carupinae
Lupocyclinae
Podophthalminae
Portuninae
Arenaeus
Atoportunus
Callinectes
Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinect’es sapidus)
Carupella
Cavoportunus
Cycloachelous
Monomia
Portunus
Sanquerus
Scylla
Xiphonectes
Thalamitinae
Potamoidea
Pseudothelphusoidea
Pseudozioidea
Retroplumoidea
Thioidea
Trapezioidea
Trichodactyloidea
Trichopeltarioidea
Xanthoidea
Allotriocarida
Xenocarida
Remipedia
Cephalocarida
Branchiopoda
Hexapoda
Ellipura
Collembola
Protura
Ectognatha
Diplura
Insecta
Archaeognatha
Zygentoma
Pterygota
Lepidoptera
Papilionoidea
Nymphalidae
Danainae
Danaini
Danaina
Danaus
Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
Nematoida
Spiralia
Platyzoa
Gnathifera
Syndermata
Rotifera
Seisonida
Acanthocephala
Gnathostomulida
Micrognathozoa
Cycliophora
Rouphozoa
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Platytrochozoa
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Rhabditophora
Macrostomorpha
Macrostomida
Dolichomacrostomidae
Macrostomidae
Macrostomum
Macrostomum lignano
Microstomidae
Haplopharyngida
Trepaxonemata
Amplimatricata
Lecithoepitheliata
Polycladida
Euneoophora
Rhabdocoela
Proseriata
Acentrosomata
Adiaphanida
Prolecithophora
Fecampiida
Tricladida
Bothrioneodermata
Bothrioplanida
Neodermata
Trematoda
Aspidogastrea
Digenea
Diplostomida
Plagiorchiida
Echinostomata
Fasciolidae
Fasciola
Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
Monogenea
Cestoda
Cestodaria
Eucestoda
Cyclophyllidea
Amabiliidae
Anoplocephalidae
Davaineidae
Dilepididae
Diploposthidae
Dipylidiidae
Hymenolepididae
Nematotaeniidae
Taeniidae
Echinococcus
Hydatigera
Taenia
Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)
Catenulida
Lophotrochozoa
Cycliophora
Annelida
Sipuncula
Myzostomida
Unnamed Taxon
Canalipalpata
Clitellata
Siboglinidae
Aciculata
Echiura
Unnamed Taxon
Mollusca
Unnamed Taxon
Bivalvia
Autobranchia
Heteroconchia
Archiheterodonta
Euheterodonta
Anomalodesmata
Imparidentia
Myida
Myoidea
Myidae
Mya
Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)
Orthonotoidea
Palaeoheterodonta
Pteriomorphia
Protobranchia
Monoplacophorans
Unnamed Taxon
Gastropods
Patellogastropoda
Unnamed Taxon
Vetigastropod
Unnamed Taxon
Neritimorpha
Unnamed Taxon
Caenogastropoda
Architaenioglossa
Ampullarioidea
Ampullariidae
Pomacea
Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)
Unnamed Taxon
Nudipleura
Unnamed Taxon
Euopisthobranchia
Panpulmonata
Unnamed Taxon
Cephalopoda
Coleoidea
Decapodiformes
Oegopsida
Ommastrephidae
Ommastrephinae
Dosidicus
Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)
Octopodiformes
Nautiloidea
Scaphopods
Subtopic
Aplacophorans
Polyplacophorans
Kryptotrochozoa
Nemertea
Lophophorata
Brachiozoa
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa
Entoprocta
Ectoprocta
CRuMs
Mantamanas
Diphylleida and Rigiflida
Diphylleida
Rigiflida
Excavata
- Feeding Grove
- Secondary Plastids
Discoba
Discicristata
Euglenozoa
Euglenida
Euglenoids (Phylum Euglenozoa)
Glycomonada
Kinetoplastea
Diplonemea
Tsukubamonas
Jakobida
Metamonada
Ancyromonadida
Hemimastigophora