BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE LINGUISTICS

is

the scientific study of language

Ben DuMonde. (2017, may 23). What is Linguistics? [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sis9cEaLom8&t=120s

including

Two layers of form

which are

Structure

EaP Plus Eastern Partnership (2018). project_structure_v01 [Imagen]. From https://www.eap-plus.eu/project/structure

refers to

Morphology

Khan (2018). 31141a7158e9600fa4da6700d4c303ee [Image].
From https://co.pinterest.com/pin/392657661256760313/

the study of the
internal structure of words

that is

how words are composed of
smaller, meaningful units

specifically

Morphemes

these are

All of the bits,
the base and the affixes

For example

Uncovering
Un- cover- ing
affix base affix
prefix suffix

Aze Linguistics. (2019, September 25). Affix, Root, Stem, Base. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3X8Q4gPQPsI&t=157s

according these

can distinguish four types of languages

which are

Isolating language

a type of language with a very low
morpheme per word ratio

and

no inflectional
morphology whatsoever

Fusional language

a language in which one form of
a morpheme can simultaneously
encode several meanings

Agglutinative lanhuage

a language in which words are made up
of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes

and

each component of meaning is
represented by its own morpheme

Polysynthetic language.

a language in which words are
composed of many morphemes

Aze Linguistics. (2019, July 31). What is morphology? [Video]
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqAtAqGqU28

Syntax

Jaen, M. (2017). sintaxis [Image]. From
https://comocrearunalengua.com/2017/04/06/
una-nueva-lengua-sintaxis/

The study of sentences
and their order

can be organized for

Word order

If I have three parts of a sentence
(Subject - Verb - Object)

can be organized

SVO - SOV - VSO
VOS - OSV - OVS

An example is

English: Jake drinks juice.
Japanese: Jake juice drinks

Adjective and noun

can be organized

AN or NA

An example is

English: with a black dog
Spanish: con un perro negro

Prepositions

can

varies the order in
different languages.

An example is

English: with a black cat
Japanese: black cat with

Questions words

can

varies the position
in the sentence

An example is

English: What does John eat?
Japanese: John what eats?

The Ling Space. (2014, November 5). Syntactic Trees and X' Theory. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UOcoQr0hvg

Sounds

Microsoft (2017).header-sound [Imagen]. From https://docs.microsoft.com/es-es/windows/uwp/design/style/sound

are divided into

Phonology

ConceptoDefinicion (2014). fonologia [Image].
From https://conceptodefinicion.de/fonologia/

it studies

sounds as part of laungage

this means that

we can omit a lot of details on how
you actually produce a sound.

also

the phonology have some distinctions

usually called

features

the most basic unit of phonological structure
that may be analyzed in phonological theory

are

grouped into categories according to
the natural classes of segments

they describe

major class

are

The features that represent
the major classes of sounds

laryngeal

are

The features that specify
the glottal states of sounds

manner

are

The features that specify
the manner of articulation

place

are

The features that specify
the place of articulation.

Phonetics

Transcripciones.Net (2020). La-Transcripción-Fonética-min [Imagen]. From https://transcripciones.net/blog/la-transcripcion-fonetica/

it studies

the physical and physiological
aspects of those sounds

and

the way in which they vibrate in
the air, the way I produce them
using my articulatory organs.

and have

three dimensions

which are

Place of articulation

are

the places where the constrictions
and obstructions of air occur.

The Mimic Method (2019). place-of-articulation-mouth-diagram [Imagen] From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

specifically they are

Bilabial

The Mimic Method. (2019). 8673019_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Labiodental

The Mimic Method. (2019). 2891333_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Dental

The Mimic Method. (2019). 7930040_orig [Image].
From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Alveolar

The Mimic Method. (2019). 5232512_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Post-Alveolar

The Mimic Method. (2019). 2447657_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Palatal

The Mimic Method. (2019). 8007927_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Velar

The Mimic Method. (2019). 1415179 [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Glottal

The Mimic Method. (2019). 5366603_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Manner of articulation

the configuration and interaction of the articulators

such as

the tongue, lips, and palate

when

making a speech sound

Voicing

a term to characterize speech sounds

can be described as

voiceless or unvoiced

voiced

DS Bigham. (2014). Phonetics vs Phonology. [video].
Youtube: DS Bigham

Two layers of meaning

which are

Semantics

Camaltec. (2017). La-búsqueda-semántica [Image].
From https://www.camaltec.es/busqueda-semantica/

his meaning is

very close to what you would
ordinarily call literal meaning

can divided in

Homonyms

are

Words that have the same spelling

and

same pronunciation

but

different meanings

For example

- I hope you are not lying to me.
- My books are lying on the table.

Homographs

are

Words that have the same spelling

but

different pronunciations

and

different meanings

For example

- The wind is blowing hard.
- I have to wind my clock.

Homophones

are

Words that have the same pronunciation

but

different spelling

and

different meanings

For example

Please try not to (waste, waist) paper.

For example

if you say "I have no money"

the semantic meaning would be

some claim about this person and his financial state.

and

you could confirm it

ASFCEngDept. (2015, November 4). Introduction to Semantics. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3t2VPcHwCw&t=1s

Pragmatics

Fernandez, R. (2017). image002 [Image]. From https://blogs.eitb.eus/inteligenciaemocional/2017/08/25/pragmatica-lo-que-esconden-las-palabras/

his meaning corresponds to

the intention of what you want
to achieve with the sentence

For example

When I say I have no money, I can say that for various reasons

One reason might be that

I want to inform you about my present financial situation

Another reason might be

because I basically want to give you an order, to give me money.

It depends of

the context in which the phrase was said

The Ling Space. (2015, May 20). Implicatures, Entailments,
and Presuppositions. [Video] Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9OdeDQKnR4

Oostendorp, M v. (2019). Miracles of Human Language: An Introduction to Linguistics, The study of sound: Phonology and Phonetics, The study of words and sentences: Morphology and Syntax, The study of meaning: Pragmatics and Semantics, week 1, 2, 3 notes [video and transcript]. Retrieved from https://www.coursera.org/learn/human-language/home/welcome

Troyp (2015). Isolating language. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language

SIL International (2020). Fusional Language. Retrieved from https://glossary.sil.org/term/fusional-language

SIL International (2020). AgglutinativeLanguage. Retrieved from https://glossary.sil.org/term/agglutinative-language

Oranjelo100 (2016). Polysynthetic Language. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynthetic_language

The Mimic Method (2019). Place of Articulation. Retroved from https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

JorisvS (2015). Manner of articulation. Retroved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation

John of Reading (2014) Voice (phonetics). Retroved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)

Jobber (2006). Distinctive feature. Retroved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_feature

EnglishForeveryone.org. (n.d). Homonymus, Homographs, and Homophones Worksheet. Retrieved from https://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Homonyms,%20Homographs,%20Homophones.pdf