means
means
means
zero
positive
negative
states
states
rapid movement
creates channel into matrix for
activates
depends on
one molecule generates
one molecule generates
passes 2 electrons to
used to
as
releases
method
include
include
passes electrons to
uses
undergoes
producing
is added to
produces
produces
produces
produces
begins when
also called
ocurs in
is phosphorylayted
begins with
occurs
occurs
means
in which
by
has
is
controlled by
is
is
forms
brought to
converted to
fixes Co2 to
involves
complete
form
complete
have
have
use to make
is
is
then
is
then
is
then
1st
generates
power
creating
accumulate
in which
generates
has
passes electrons to
are passed to
energizes
involves
begins with
reduces
is stored
converted to
fixes CO2 to
CO2 fixation
involves
is
can be modified
takes place in
has
has
can be modified
can result in
are
build complex reactions
are
breaking down
type:
type:
such as
such as
such as
has a
reaches a
Energy used in
has
proteins that brings components in
has
includes
includes
includes
has
which is recognized by
includes
includes
includes
includes
includes
includes
marked with
make proteins of
attached to
attached to
suspended in
has
discharges
holds
holds
has
has
has
type:
type:
consist of
consist of
facilitates
its
molecular compoenent
where it occurs
from
synthesis of
are
are
has
keeps
cuts out
protects mRNA
facilitates
includes
3' end gets
5' end gets
includes
triplet of
specifies a
transcribes
to
adds
when
has
3rd stage
2nd stage
1st stage
has
its
synthesis of
from
and replaces with
synthesizes
synthesizes
relieves strain
stablizes
unwinds
includes
includes
includes
includes
includes
includes
includes
proofread/ corrected by
involves
included
included
included
explored the
found that DNA repication is
further evidence
able to enter
concluded that
used radioactive phosphorus
used radioactive sulfur
when injected
when heated and added to R strain
when heated
when injected
used
used
included
included
included
Prokaryotic
Eukaaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
explored through
when hydrolysized
like Amylopectin but
polymer of
embedded in
has
-OH group are
bundle of 80 cellulose molecules
has a
are in
major component of
ex.
which
-OH group are
are in
joined by a
Has a
a polymer of
plants store
when hydrolyzed
serve as
serve as
made of
made of
made of
made of
made of
made of
which are
are joined by
Carboxyl group within the caron skeleton.
Carboxyl group at the end of carbon skeleton.
2 of its monomers
Its monomer
affected by
high levels contributes to
ex.
has
boundary between
has
excluded from
that are
has a
3rd -OH Group is attached to
attached to
forms a
has
has
has
major constituent of
present in
present in
at room temp
most are
at room temp
Present in most
no
by
each joined to
rest of skeleton contains
Carbon at end is part of
has a
each of its 3 carbons bear
is an
major function is
made by
made of
made of
ex.
ex.
ex.
does not include
exist as
sugar is
formed with
lacks
has structure of
sugar is
5' end
3' end
a type:
a type:
linked by
has 1 or more
has
has
its polymer
includes
includes
its monomer
keeps polypetide segregated from
consists of 2 or more
results from aggregation of
amino acids
type if interaction
has
structured between
dominate in
shape of
has
has
has regions stablized by
are basically
is lost when
4th
3rd
2nd
!st
held by
can have
can have
can have
can have
can have
can have
can have
are
negative charge
positive charge
also called
also called
ex.
which are
repeated sequences
formed with
has a
has a
has a
has a
its polymer
folding assisted by
levels of
its monomer is
removes
only in
allowing
removes
opposite direction of
held together by
doesn't have
stablized by interactions between
moves along
are
has
When
yes
creates
Between regions of
direction of
example of
controls
wasn't able to enter
facilitates
generates
Synthetically converts to
during
binds to
is a
is a
are attached to
reduces
further reinforce
controls
protects mRNA from
only in
ends up as
DNA downstream from
base pairs to
boundary between
connected by

Biological Molcules

Protiens

Amino Acid

Polypeptide

Peptide bonds

Covalent bonds

Disulfide Bridges

Polypeptide backbone

Carboxyl Group

C-Terminus

Amino Group

N-Terminus

R-Group (Side Chain)

Basic amino acid

Hydrophillic

Acidic amino acid

Polar

-OH

NH

SH

CO

Nonpolar

Ring

CH

H (C-H)

Van der Waals

H Atom

Protein Structure

Primary Structure

Linear chain of amino acid

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen bonds

Alpha Helix

coil

Beta Pleated Sheets

Fibrous Proteins

Subtopic

2 Parallel Segments

Tertiary Structure

3D Shape

Hydrophobic interaction

End up at the core

Quaternary Structure

Polypeptide subunits

polypeptide chain

Denatured

Chaperonin

Harmful environments

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

5 Carbon sugar

Nitrogenous base

Pyrimidine

Uracil

Thymine

Cytosine

Purines

Adenine

Guanine

Has hydroxyl group attached to a 3' Carbon

Has phosphate attached to a 5' Carbon

Phosphate groups

Phosphodiester linkage

DNA

deoxiribose

O atom in 2nd C

Double helix

Antiparallel

RNA

ribose

Single Strand

Polynucleotides

Lipids

True Polymers

Fats

Gylcerol

Alcohol

-OH Group

Fatty Acids

Long Carbon Skeleton

Carboxyl Group

Hydrocarbon Chain

3 Fatty Acids

Glycerol

Ester Linkage

Saturated Fatty Acid

Double bonds

-Cis Double bonds

Animal Fats

Solid

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

liquid

Plants

fished (oils)

Energy Storage

Phopholipids

Cell membranes

2 Fatty Acid

glycerol

Phosphate Grorup

Negative Charge

Hydrocarbon Tails

Hydrophobic

Water

Hydrophillic Head

Polar molecule

Bilayer

cell

Steroids

4 fused rings

Cholesterol

atheroschlerosis

Saturated and Transfats

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Sugars

Aldose (Aldehyde Sugar)

Ketose (Ketone Sugar)

Disaccharides

Glycosidic Linkage

Covalent bonds

Maltose

Glucose

Glucose

Sucrose

Glucose

Fructose

Lactose

Glucose

Galactose

Polysaccharides

Storage Material

Provides sugars for cells

Starch

Glucose monomers

1-4 Linkage

Alpha Configuration

On top

Amylose

Unbranched

Amylopectin

Branched

1-6 Linkage

Helical structure

Building Material

Protects the cell

Cellulose

Tough walls in plant cells

Beta Configuration

On Bottom

Straight Structure

Microfibrils

Chitin

Beta Linkages

Proteins

Glycogen

Glucose

Extensively branched

Releases Glucose

Genetics

Experiments

Griffith's experiment

S (smooth strain)

Mouse dies

Mouse healthy

Mouse dies

R (rough strain)

Mouse healthy

Hershey and Chase

Tag protein

Tag DNA

bacterial cell

DNA function as genetic material

Chargaff's rules

% of A and T bases are about equal

% of C and G are about equal

Meselson and Stahl

Semiconservative

3 models

conservative model

semiconservative model

dispersive model

DNA Replication

Proteins

helicase

Double Helix

Single strand binding protein

Single stranded DNA

Topoisomerase

Breaking and rejoining strands

Primase

RNA Primer

DNA Polymerase III

New DNA Strand

DNA Polymerase I

DNA nucleotides

DNA Ligase

nucleotide excision pair

Transcription

DNA

RNA

Initiation

Transcription Factors

elongation

RNA Poly.

nucleotides

3' end

termination

Polyadenylation signal sequence

Polyadenylation signal

Codons

nucleotide bases

Molecular components

RNA Polymerase

Promoter

TATA Box

Downstream

Upstream

Transcription unit

RNA Processing

5' cap

Poly-A Tail

Export of mRNa

Degrading

RNA Splicing

Introns

noncoding

Exons

coding

Spliceosome

Translation

Polypeptide

info in mRNA

Ribosome

coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA condons

Large subunit

P site

tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

A site

holds the next tRNA

E site

tRNAs

Small Subunit

mRNA binding site

Free ribosomes

cytosol

Bound ribosome

ER

nuclear envelop

Endomembrane system

nuclear envelop

ER

Golgi apparatus

lysosome

vacuoles

Plasma membrane

signal peptide

Signal-recognition particle

tRNA

anticodon

Stages

Initiation

Initiation factors

translation initiation complex

Elongation

Elongation factors

1st and 3rd step

Termination

Stop codon

UAG

UAA

UGA

release factor

Happens at the same time

Energy

Metabolism

Catabolic pathway

releases energy

exergonic reactions

Anabolic pathway

consume energy

endergonic reactions

Photosynthesis

Photorespiration

inefficient

CAM PHotosynthesis

PEP Carboxylase

oxaloacetate

Malic acid

vacuole

take place at night

H2O loss

Light reactions

Photosystem II (p680)

2 electrons

ETC

Photosystem I

2 NADPH

Primary electron acceptor

chemiosmosis

protons

thalakoids

gradients

ATP Synthase

1-2 ATP

Dark reactions (Calvin cycle)

Carboxylation

reduction

regeneration

carbohydrate synthesis

2PGAL---Glucose

6 ATP used to make 10 PGAL---6 RuBP

12 ATP +12 NADPH

12 PGAL from !2 PGA

merging of 6CO2+RuBP --12PGA

Chloropast

stroma

Dark reaction

thylakoid

grana

light reaction

C4 Photosynthesis

PEP Carboxylase

oxaloacetate

malate

bundle sheath cells

CO2 +Pyruvate

Cellular Respiration

exothermic

catabolic

enzymes

harvesting E from organic compounds

oxidizing glucose

small amounts of E are released at a time

4 main stages

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose

under anaerobic conditions

cytoplasm

glucose

confines glucose in cell

activated glucose

pyruvate oxidation

matrix of mitochondrion

Kreb's cycle

citric acid cycle

2 acetyl CoA

2 Oxaloacetate

2 citrate

many changes

2FAD2

4CO2

2ATP

6NADH

electron transport chain

reduces coenzyme

electron acceptors

redox reactions

free energy

electrons move down

actively pump protons

NADH

NADH dehydrogenase

3 ATP

FADH2

2 ATP

Chemiosmosis

concentration gradient

ATP Synthase

protons

liberates energy

phosphorylate ADP to ATP

potential energy

stored

kinetic energy

movemnet

Thermodynamics

1st law

E in universe is constant

2nd law

entropy of universe is always increasing

Gibbs Free Energy

stable

less work capacity

unstable

more work capacity

equilibrium

max stability

Hydrogenated

Transfat

External environment

Gene expression

Nucleoside

Floating topic

Floating topic