Biology Study

Circulatory

Function

Move Materials

Major Organs

Heart

Atrium

Collect blood (input)

Ventricle

Move blood (output)

Blood vessels

Arteries

Blood from heart to body

Veins

Between arteries and capillaries, move wastes

Capillaries

Blood from body to heart

Animal Groups

Unicellular

N/A

Worms

Single loop

5 aortic arches

Insects

Open system Haemolymph

Haemolymoph = insect blood

Fish

2 chambered heart

Amphibians

3 chambered heart

Incomplete loop

Mammals

4 chambered heart

Double loop

Respiratory

Function

Exchange Gases

O2 in CO2 out

Major Organs

Lungs

Animal Groups

Unicellular

Diffusion

Single loop

Worms

Cutaneous respiration

Insects

Fish

Gills

Countercurrent flow

Amphibians

Lungs (immature) + Cutaneous respiration

Mammals

Lungs

Lungs -> left side of heart

Digestive

Function

Break down & absorb nutrients

Major Organs

Crop

Store

Gizzard

Crush with stones (mechanical digestion)

Intestine

Absorb

Stomach

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Teeth

Mechanical digestion

Spiracles

Animal Groups

Worms and Insects

Crop

Intestine

Fish, amphibians, and mammals

Teeth

Stomach

Intestine

Unicellular

Diffusion

High concentration to low concentration

Nervous

Function

Sending electrochemical messages

Major Organs

Brain

Gizzard

Spinal cord

Skeletal

Support and protect

All Bones

Reproductive

Function

Reproduce (the meaning of life)

Major Organs

Ovaries ♀

Testicles ♂

Endocrine

Function

Chemical messages (hormones)

Major Organs

Pituitary gland

Pancreas

Excretory

Function

Remove wastes

Major Organs

Kidneys

Liver

Immune

Function

Fight infection

Major Organs

Lymph nodes

Integumentry

Function

Protection

Major Organs

Skin

Muscular

Function

Movement

All muscles

Ultrasound

Systems serviced

Circulatory

Reproductive

Excretory

How it works

High frequency sounds

Basically echolocation

Live image

MRI

Shitty version

CT-scan

How it works

X-Ray ring takes slices

Systems serviced

Can be all of them

How it works

Big electromagnets

(Radiograph) X-ray

Systems serviced

Skeletal

How it works

High energy waves passes through most
things except for bone getting an image

Endoscopy

Systems serviced

Digestive

How it works

Camera through an orfice

Apical

Out from tip (i.e roots and branches)

Intercalary

Pushes out (i.e leaves)

Cambiums

Cork

Outer layer, bark

Vascular

Creates xylem and phloem

Cancerous cells

Cause

Fucked up DNA fucks up division

Exposure to carcinogens

Shitty parents (inherited DNA)

Effect

Grows uncontrollably

Forms tumour

Causes problems with organ functions

Treatment

Chemotherapy

Chemicals target fast growing cells

Radiation Therapy

Mutate cells so much they can't do mitosis

Surgery

Remove the cancerous cells

Stem cells

Totipotent

<2 week old embryo

3-4 weeks start specialisation

Purpose to divide

Can turn into any cell

Pluripotent

Until birth

Semilimited

Based off location in embryo

Adult

Highly specialised

Examples

Bone marrow cells

Create red blood cells

Neural stem cells

Create neurons

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

Interdependence

Requires complex structure to allow for it to work

Disadvantages

Focus on fewer tasks at once and do the work more efficiently

Evolves faster

Always prepared for task less energy wasted preparing

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Makes

Chromatin

Chromatids

Chromosomes

Made from

Nucleotides

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

Phosphate backbone

All living things are made of cells

Cells are the basic units of life

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Root

Root

Tissues

Dermal

Control material movement

Support

Supports holding structure of stored materials

Photosynthetic

N/A (underground)

Xylem

Water and mineral to the rest of the shoot

Pholem

Bring sugar to root

Function

Absorb, anchor, and store

Shoot

Leaf

Tissues

Dermal

Cuticle (wax) protect from water loss

Stomata (pl. stoma) open to release O2 and take in CO2

Support

Minimal

Photosynthetic

Mesophyll cells

Palisade

Tightly packed, the surface

Spongy

Has spaces to keep gases, behind surface

Xylem

Brings H2O for photsynthesis

Pholem

Move produced C6H12O6 to places where growth needed

Function

Perform photosynthesis to create fuel

Stems

Tissues

Dermal

Protect plat

Examples

Spikes

Fuzz with toxin

Support

Keep plant upright and tall to allow it to compete for sunlight

Photosynthetic

Green stems

Minimal

Xylem

Carry water

Methods

Possitive pressure

Root pressure

up to 30cm

Osmotic pressure in root cells

Capillary action

up to 1-2m

Water attracted to xylem, stays together with surface tension

Negative pressure

Transpiration pull

up to the top

Column of water in xylem, when molecule of
water is used it creates a -ve gap. The one
underneath fills it's spot

Phloem

Brings sugars from sources (high conc.)
to sinks (low conc.)

Fuction

Support leaves

Transport water and nutrients

Flower

Tissues

Dermal

Buds, minimal

Support

Stores sugars, makes colours

Photosynthetic

N/A

Xylem

Minimal

Pholem

Minimal

Function

Reproduce

Pollen from stamen to pistil - Reach egg at stigma

Cytosol

Gel-like fluid where organelles are found

Nuclear membrane

Membrane of lipids that encloses the nucleoplasm
Controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus

Centrioles

ANIMAL CELLS: Located near the nucleus and
help pull chromatids apart during cell division

Mitochondria

Produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions

Lysosomes

Uses chemical to break down food and worn out cell parts

Ribosomes

Assembles amino acids to create proteins

Nucleus

Contain DNA, which controls the functions
of the cell and production of proteins

Cell Membrane

Bilayer membrane of lipids that controls
what comes into and out of a cell

Cell Wall

PLANT CELL: Rigid outer layer

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes and other materials in plant cells

Golgi Apparatus

Receives proteins & materials from the ER,
packages them, & distributes them

Chloroplasts

PLANT CELL: Captures energy from the
sunlight and uses it to produce food

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chromatin

Complex of DNA and protein that package long DNA molecules

Chromosomes

Contain the genetic information that is passed
from one generation of cells to the next

Cytoskeleton

Gives eukaryotic cells there shape and involved in movement

Rough ER

Ribosomes on the surface and involved in protein synthesis

Smooth ER

Contain enzymes for synthesis lipids

Process

Interphase

G1

Makes organelles and grows

Checkpoint

Stop and fix, if can't commence apoptosis

S

Double DNA in nucleus

G2

Makes organelles and proteins

Checkpoint

Stop and fix, if can't commence apoptosis

Mitosis

Prophase

Chromatin coils and turns in to sister chromatids

Spindle fiber created on centromeres

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Nucleolus dissapears

ANIMAL CELLS: Centromeres start moveing

Metaphase

ANIMAL CELLS: Centromeres arrive at poles

Chromatids line up along the metaphase plate (imaginary)

Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids

Checkpoint

Stop and fix, if can't commence apoptosis

Anaphase

Spindles pull sister chromatids apart forming
identical daughter chromosomes

Chromatids arrive at poles

Telophase

Cell begins to get stretched

Spindle fibers dissapears

Nuclear membranes start reforming

Nucleolus reappears

Cytokinesis

Animal

Cleavage furrow forms and separates

Plant

Cell plate forms

Permanent neighbors :)

Purpose

Grow

Be big and strong

Replace / Repair

Cells die - need replacements

Ways in which it fucks up

Shtty metaphase

Not pulled apart properly

More chromosomes

Hard to grow, mutations happen

Cancer

Deadly mutation cause cell death

Less chromosomes

Not enough genetic information

Doesn't know how to function, dies

Ocular lens

10x

Low power objective

4x

4mm approx. diametre

Medium power objective

10x

2mm approx. diametre

High power objective

40x

.4mm approx. diametre

Animal

Muscular

Skeletal

Contract to move bones, under voluntary control

Smooth

Contracts to move things through
body (e.g air & food), involuntary

Cardiac

Pump blood from heart, involuntary

Epithelial

Skin

Protect cells underneaths

Columnar

Secretes things (e.g mucus, stomach acid)

Nervous

Neurons

Transmit electrochemical messages

Connective

Blood

Red

Carry O2 and CO2

White

Fight infection & disease

Bone

Provide rigid bodily structure

Fat

Conserve heat, broken down for cellular respiration

Plant

Dermal

Protect on surface

Ground

Support

Support cells

Photosynthetic

Does photosynthesis (6CO2+H2O
-light energy-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 )

Vascular

Xylem

Carries water and minerals

Pholem

Carries photosynthesis products (sugars)

Diffusion

High concentration to low concentration