Curriculum Design
Principles
Implement the conceptual framework commitments and be consistent with it.
Derive and test its concepts and theories in teaching process.
Respond to the educational needs of society and the immediate concern of students.
Cope with knowledge explosion and the short “half-life” of scientific knowledge.
Use the logical, precise, effective and efficient educational technology.
Use teaching personnel in economical and efficient way.
Enable utilization of cognitive teaching input.
Provide for student testing of learned behaviour.
Spend time to accomplish the goals of curriculum.
Importance
Guide the selection and organization of content and the methodology used to teach the content.
Steps
1.Identification of the problem
2.Diagnosis of the problem
3.Search for alternative solution
4.Select the best alternative
5.Ratification of the solution by organization
6.Authorization of the solution
7.Preparation of adopting the solution
8.Adoption of the solution
9.Direction to the staff
10.Evaluation
Reinforcement Theory
Methods of Controlling Behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
giving a positive response
Negative Reinforcement
removing undesirable consequences
Punishment
removing positive consequences
lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in the future
Extinction
lowering the probability of undesired behaviour
absence of reinforcements
Implication of Theory
Managers who a making attempt to motivate the employee must ensure that they do not rewards all employees simultaneously
They must tell their employees what they are not doing correct
They must tell the employees how they can achieve positive reinforcement
Core Curriculum
A set of common learning (knowledge, skills and values) that should be provided to all learners in order to function effectively in a society.
Categories
Subject Centred Curriculum
Subject Design
Classification and organization of subjects matter.
Academic Discipline Design
Emphasize the role played by academic discipline.
Broad Fields Design
Overcome a perceived weakness in the subject design.
Commonly found in primary and lower secondary school.
Common Feature in Three Subject Centred Design
Subjects-like groupings.
Methodology = teacher-centred.
Subjects are clearly defined and distinguished.
Advantages
Students like it
What students learn, they learn well
Efficient in staff development
Disadvantages
Teachers unable to innovate their teaching style to help students learn in a creative way.
Students simply memorize what they need to know in order to pass a test, instead of actually learning it.
Teachers are teaching the students to think inside the box in order to pass the exams.
Activity/Experienced Based Curriculum
Activities
Physical activities
physical development of the child
eg;physical training, games and sports
Environmental Activity
eg; nature study, excursion, survey, social visit
develop civic sense and love for nature in children
Constructive Activity
production efficiency may be developed
eg;Handwork craft repairing of tools
Aesthetic Activity
eg;Music, arts creative crafts
self expression and development of inborn creative faculties.
Community Activity
the socialization of the child
eg;communities projects, social services
provide information regarding history, geography and economics
Advantages
Fulfill the natural urge of a growing child.
Promote better understanding of a lesson among students-hands-on
Inspire the students to apply their ideas, knowledge and mind in solving problems.
Disadvantages
Require long term planning with details of the whole process.
Limitations
Neglects other activities needed for intellectual development of the child.
Personal supervision is needed for every activity which is not possible in school.
Not applicable to all stages of education