Canadian Democracy

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MLE

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H.G. Wells

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Thomas Jefferson

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Athens vs Sparta

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Canadian Democracy

Free and Independent Press

Some of the main roles of the press include: - Providing the public with accurate and current information - Can represent different voices and diversity

Free and Fair Elections

Citizens

A few of the many responsibilities of citizens include:

Advocacy of issues.

Uphold human rights, and respect all others around. Being a good citizen overall.

Taking the responsibility to do their part and protect the environment.

Fulfilling their civic duties, which can include obeying laws, paying taxes, and serving on jury duty when called

Voting in federal, provincial, and municipal elections.

- They are what shape the government and society

Citizen Groups (Advocacy/Lobby Groups)

Characteristics of Lobby groups:

Public awareness

Influencing the development and implementation of polciices

Advocacy + Representation

Such groups are extremely important when it comes to advocating for specific causes, influencing public opinion, and shaping public policies

They are organizations formed by people that have common goals and interests

Main Canadian Constitution including the Charter Of Rights & Freedom

Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedom

Covers multiple areas, including fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, legal rights, equality rights, and language rights. Examples below:

asembly

religion

freedom of expression

A constitutional document that guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms to all individuals in Canada

The Main Canadian Constitution is made up of multiple constitution acts, while also including the charter of rights and freedom

British North America Act

The BNA Act defined the role of the monarch as the head of state

Established a federal system of government

Divided powers between the federal government and provinces

Outlined the specific areas of jurisdiction for each level of government

The act brought together the provinces of Ontario (then known as Canada West), Quebec (then known as Canada East), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into a federation (Dominion of Canada)

It was enacted in 1867

Played a significant role in the establishment of Canada as a federal Dominion

Treaties with Indigenous People

Peace & Friendship treaties

They were agreements between the British Crown and various Indigenous nations, including the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and others. The Peace and Friendship Treaties recognized Indigenous rights to land, resources, and self-government, while also establishing peaceful relations and facilitating trade.

Numbered Treaties

Numbers from treaties 1 through 11. They cover a large portion of what Canada is in the present day.

A treaty is a formal and legal binding/agreement between two or more parties. They are negotiated and signed by party representatives.

The Judicial Branch

Supreme Court of Canada

Federal Court of Appeal

Tax Courts of Canada

Federal Court

Federal Administrative Tribunals

Provincial/Territorial Courts of Appeal

Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts

Provincial/Territorial Administrative Tribunals

Provincial/Territorial Courts

Court Martial Court Appeal

Military Courts

- In simple terms, this branch is a system of courts - These courts are known for settling legal disputes/disagreements

Indigenous Governments

A few of more known Indigenous governments in Canada at the moment are: - Assembly of First Nations (AFN) - Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) - Métis National Council (MNC)

- Gives Indigenous communities the control of administration of their people, land, resources and related programs - Band COuncils

The 3 Levels Of Government

Federal Government

- This is the highest level of government in Canada - Elected by the country - It is the executive branch - The federal government is led by the Prime Minister (At the moment, it is Justin Trudeau, a part of the Liberal party) - MPs (members of the parliament) are also a part of this level of government - Similar to the way premiers get elected, the Prime Minister is elected based upon the highest number of MPs elected in from a political party - There are 333 MPs at the moment - MPs debate and pass laws in the House of Commons, which is located in Ottawa (picture above) - The crown gets represented by the governor general - The federal government has countless responsibilities, which include immigration, defence, trade, and countless others

Provincial Governments

- This is the middle level of government in Canada - Elected by the province - The legislative Branch - A provincial government is led by the premier (the Ontario's premier at the moment is Doug Ford who is a part of the PC party) - Other than that, MPPs (members of the provincial parliament are also involved) - Premiers are elected through the highest number of MPPs winning from a party - There are 124 MPPs at the moment - The lieutenant general is the representative of The Crown - Provincial governments are responsible for things such as education, health care, the environment, agriculture, highways, etc. - In terms of Ontario, all involved debate and pass laws in the legislative assembly in Toronto

Municipal Governments

- This is the lowest level of government in Canada - They are local elected (cities/towns/areas) authorities - They are led by mayors (e.g. the mayor of Brampton is Patrick Brown, from the Conservative party) - Municipal governments are responsible for providing services that are best managed under local control (e.g. public transit, waste disposal, fire services, police, community centres, libraries, property taxes etc.) - Chief Administrative Officer (CAO): The most senior official in the City's administrative structure (in the City of Brampton, it is Marlon Kallideen - There are also city councillors involved in this govt. - Members of a municipal government usually meet in the city hall (an image for the one in Brampton is attached above)

The Crown

Head of state + King: King Charles III

- The crown refers to the British monarchy - The constitutional head of state - This role is mostly symbolic, however does have some executive power

The Main Political Parties In Canada

The Green Party

Is a progressive political party.

New Democratic Party

The NDP leans more towards the left side, and is also considered to be more conservative.

Bloc Quebecois

This is considered to be an overall progressive political party.

Conservatives

As the name suggests, they are more conservative.

Liberals

They are more free-market and progressive.