Human Development (Textbook Chapter)

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Human Development (Textbook Chapter)

Developmental Research Designs

Longitudinal Design:

Tracts the developmental of the same group of people over time

They are both useful tools used to observe people during a certain period of time

Cross-Sectional Design:

Compares/contrast people of different ages at a single point of time

Types of Attachment

Insecure - Ambivalent:

When individuals tend to be overly needy and are often anxious due their lack of self esteem

Both attachments are labelled as insecure. This insecurity results from parents’ styles and attitudes as they raised the individual.

Insecure - Avoidant:

When individuals have a dismissive attitude and avoid emotional connection with others

Parenting Styles

Indifferent - Uninvolved:

Parents who are neglectful and tend to ignore their children. They fail to show any interest in their child and often come off as moody and impulsive

They both involve low parental involvement and show minimal affection towards their child

Authoritarian:

Parents who are strict, provide their child with little opportunity for free play or exploration, enforce punishments and show little affection towards the child

Identity Statuses

Foreclosure:

When an individual has a status determined by adults rather than from personal exploration

These individuals have a high commitment in finding their identity status and have identified a status.

Achievement:

When an individual has explored alternatives and has chosen a specific identity.

Physical Maturation in Adolescence

Secondary Sex Characteristics:

Sex differentiating characteristics that don’t relate directly to reproduction (breast enlargement, deepening of voices)

They are both levels of development that an individual experiences their bodies reach full maturity in adolescence which involve profound physical changes

Primary Sex Characteristics:

Reproductive organs and genitals

Gender

Gender Roles:

Refers to the behaviours that tend to accompany being a man or a woman.

Gender role and identity both refer to the components of human development referring to gender and individuals’ perceptions of it

Gender Identity:

Refers to people’s sense of being male or female.

Peer Status

Controversial:

When individuals are generally both liked and disliked by their peers.

Both individuals are liked by their peers and show a positive peer status

Popular:

When individuals are generally well liked by many of their peers.

Adolescent Egocentrism

Imaginary Audience:

When adolescents believe that others are watching them constantly.

Adolescent egocentrism occurs when adolescents are overly concerned with their own thoughts and feelings. Personal fable and imaginary audience are the two constructs within adolescent egocentrism that an individual can experience.

Personal Fable:

When adolescents believe that their experiences and feelings are unique.