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This is used for poetry the freest form of translation mainly used for poetry. ( From a Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark)
A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text . It may not closely follow the form of the original one . Pie and Gaynor , 1954.
According to the OED, the term "literal" means: "Of a translation, version, or transcript: representing the very words of the original; verbally exact"
THEN
TRANSLATION THROUGH THE HYSTORY
in the past fifty years.
Iy became an academic subject translation In the English-speaking world.
This discipline iS known as a 'translation studies',
Holmes describes the nascent discipline as being concerned with 'the complex of problems clustered round the phenomenon of translating.
SOME STUDIES BASE OF AUTHORS
Caminade and Pym
By the 1995
They talks about courses which are mainly oriented towards training future professional commercial translators and, interpreters. At least 250 university-level bodies in over sixty countries offering four-year undergraduate degrees and/ or postgraduate courses in translation.Caminade and Pym (1995) .
Mona Baker
1997 in her introduction to The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation.
she talks effusively of the richness of the exciting new discipline, perhaps the discipline of the 1990s', bringing together scholars from a wide variety of often more traditional disciplines. Mona Baker ( 1997).
FINALLY BY THE 1990s
There was a proliferation of conferences, books and journals on translation in many languages. Long-standing international translation
There were studies journals such as Babel (the Netherlands).
In the year 1999-2000
International translation conferences were held in a large number of countries and on a wide variety of key themes.
INCLUDING
The history of translation (Leon, Spain)
As you see the practice of translation is being studied since several years ago due to the fact that is the best way to communicate each other, although it is still often denied parity with other academic research but i'm pretty sure that it will become more and more important field and the studies about it will continue .
Gender and translation (Norwich, UK)
Adaptation and pedagogical challenges (Turku, Finland).
Research models in translation studies (UMIST, Manchester, UK)
translation-focused comparative literature (Pretoria, South Africa and Salvador, Brazil).
Literary translation (Mons, Belgium);
Translation and training translators (Bratislava, Slovakia);
Mary Snell-Hornby
By 1988 in the first edition of her Translation Studies.
An Integrated Approach,
She stated that 'the demand that translation studies should be viewed as an independent discipline .Mary Snell . Hornby (1998).
