Unit 4 - Metabolism and Energy concept map

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Unit 4 - Metabolism and Energy concept map

Cell respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

Ethanol Fermentation - Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 - Common in yeast and some bacteria - Used in the production of alcoholic beverages

Lactate Fermentation - Conversion of pyruvate to lactate - Regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis - Common in muscle cells during intense exercise

Aerobic respiration

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane - Electrons transferred, creating a proton gradient - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - ATP produced through oxidative phosphorylation - Chemiosmosis and ATP synthase involved

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) - Further breakdown of Acetyl-CoA - Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix - Generates NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Pyruvate Oxidation - Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA - Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix - Releases CO2 and generates NADH

Glycolysis - Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate - Occurs in the cytoplasm - Generates ATP and NADH

Photosynthesis

Light Independent/Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) - Occurs in Stroma of chloroplasts

Role of CO2 and O2 in Calvin Cycle - Importance of carbon dioxide fixation - Oxygen as a byproduct

Calvin Cycle Steps - Carbon fixation (RuBisCO enzyme) - Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P - Regeneration of RuBP - Overall production of glucose and other carbohydrates

Overview of the process - Utilizes ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions - Carbon fixation - Reduction and regeneration phases

Light dependent - Occurs in thylakoid

Role of Photosystems in Electron Transport - Absorption of light energy and excitation of electrons - Movement of electrons through the chain - Final electron acceptor: NADP+

Photosystem I and Photosystem II - Electron transport chain between them - Formation of a proton gradient

Overview of the process - Light absorption by chlorophyll - Water splitting (photolysis) - Generation of ATP and NADPH

Biochemical pathways

Redox reactions

Redox Regulation - Maintaining cellular redox balance - Significance in metabolic regulation

Role in Energy Transfer - Electron carriers (NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2) - Electron transport chain in cellular respiration

Overview of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions - Role of electron transfer in energy transfer - Oxidizing agents and reducing agents

Catabolic pathways - Breaking complex molecules

Relationships with other pathways - Interplay with anabolic pathways for energy and precursors - Regulation through feedback mechanisms

Other Catabolic Processes - Fatty acid oxidation - Amino acid degradation

Krebs Cycle - Citric acid cycle reactions - Energy and product generation

Glycolysis - Overview and key steps - Energy and product generation

Anabolic pathways - Building complex molecules

Nucleic Acid Synthesis - DNA replication - RNA synthesis

Protein Synthesis - Transcription and translation processes - Role of ribosomes and tRNA

Relationships with other pathways - Integration with catabolic pathways for precursor molecules - Regulation through feedback mechanisms

Energy Transfer

Cellular Respiration and ATP Production - ATP generation in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain - Role of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP Coupling - Linking energy-releasing reactions with energy-consuming reactions - Maintaining energy balance within the cell

ATP in Metabolism - Involvement in anabolic reactions (energy input) - Involvement in catabolic reactions (energy release)

Energy Storage and Release - ATP as a short-term energy storage molecule - Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate for energy release

Formation of ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) structure - ATP synthesis during cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Concept of metabolism

Cellular Metabolism -Metabolic processes occurring within cells -Production of energy for cellular activities

Metabolic Diversity in Organisms -Variation in metabolic pathways among different species -Specialized adaptations for specific environments

Metabolic Homeostasis -Maintaining a balance in metabolic processes -Adaptations to varying energy needs

Regulation of Metabolism -Enzymes and their role -Feedback mechanisms

Definition of Metabolism -Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism -Involves catabolic and anabolic pathways

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