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Chapter 1 Human communication: What and Why

Communication Defined

communication is a continuous, irreversible, transactive process involving communicators who occupy different but overlapping environments and are simultaneously senders and receivers of messages, many of which are distorted by physical and psychological noise

communication is human

Communication is process

respond will depend on experience s stretching far back in time and the history can shapr your response to the friend's remark,

Communication is a process is reflected in the transactional model

Communication is Symbolic

arbitrary nature

We overcome the arbitrary nature by following linguistic rules and customs.

Types of Communcation

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with oneself

Dyadic/interpersonal Communication

dyad: two people interaction

Dyadic communication

shift from other type of communication in nature

Small-group Communication

Family or a collection of students or co-workers collabotaing on a project

Public Communication

uneuqal communication and sometimes there are just a small group or even a people doing all talking and rest of group becomes an audience.

Mass Communication

Large audiences without contact between senders and receivers.

Messages by channel are developed or financed by large organizations.

Controlled by many gatekeepers, who can determine what and when

Functions of Communication

Physical Needs

necessary for physical health

early death

terminal cancer

Identity Needs

we should know who we are

Social Needs

need for escape, need for control, need for pleasure

Practical Needs

Jobs

Communication skills'as the top characteristic that employers seek in job candidates

Modelling Communication

A linear Model

giving an injection

channel: face-to-face and writing

You choose can make different effect

noise

external (physical noise)

real noise

physiological

illness

psychological

students got a "D" and become upset and cannot understand what went wrong

environment

culture

money

overlap means in common

less overlap, harder communicate

A Transactional Model

Simultaneous Sending and Receiving

feedback: the discernible response of a receiver to a sender

fluid, not static

relational, not individual

we do with others

Communication Competence: What Makes an Effective Communicator?

There is No 'Ideal' way to communicate

Competence is Situational

Competence is Relational

Competence can be Learned

Characteristics of Competent Communicators

A wide range of behaviours

Social Chameleons

Ability to choose the most appropriate behaviour

Skill at performing behaviours

Empathy/Perspective-Taking

put yourself in someone

Cognitive Complexity

critical think

understanding other

Self-Monitoring

commitment to the relationship

build trust

Clarifying misconceptions about Communication

Communication does not always require complete understanding

Coorination is more important than understanding

Participants follow rules

Everyone gets a solo

Sessioins go to new places

Jamming builds rapport

Communication is not always a good thing

in truth, Communication is nerther good nor bad in itself, its value comes from the way it is used

No single person or event causes another's reaction

many factors play a role in how others will react to your communication in a given situation

Communication will not solve all problems

Meaning rest in people, not in words

Communication is not simple

More communication is not always better

Chapter 4 Listening

Hearing

Automatic

Listening

Manual

-selecting

-attending

-understanding

-responding

-remembering

Sensory Memory

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Misconception about listening

Listening is not a natural process

can learn easily

Listen requires effort

listen need mental effect and long time
can not grasp the attention of receiver

All listeners do not receive the same message

many factors

Listening barriers

Put in the effort (self-focused listening)

Information overlaod

speech rate - processing rate

psychological noise

physical noise

bad listening

pseudolistening

fake listening

selective listening

respond only the parts of speech

defensive listening

ambush listening

prepare to attack

personal listening styles

content oriented listening

detail and key

people oriented listening

attend to people's mood

action oriented listening

like clear message and focus on the task

time oriented listening

focus on the timeline and deadline

effective

Responding with empathy

emotional intelligence

understand & Support your partern's fealing

ask appropriate queation

paraphrase the content

paraphrase the emotions

no advising, no judging

3 Language

the power of language

naming

names shape the way others view us. We view ourselevs amd how we act

our name can guide out decision

Have a cool name shapes how peers view a child

having a religious name intitle stereotype

credibility

people are heavily influenced by experts

we adhere to what we say and ollow their recommondation

status

credibility and status go hand in hand

when someone has the ability to influence others

people with credibility and status are more likely to be rated as likeable and knowledge

Biases in language

sexism

referring to a single subject only as "he" or "him"

society socializes us to believe men and women should behave in certain ways

The occupations that are deemed appropriate for men and women are a result of socialization

emotive language

conveys the sender's attitude more so than describing something

emotion language can reflect sexism

Gender % communication

Gender is role in the wat the language in used and understanded

the content of male and female speech

Men use direct strategies

women use undirect strategies

sex roles

the situation plays a significant role in shaoing people's communication

gender inconsistant

ageism

words that reflect a bias again the old or the young

old = slow

young = fast

homophobic language

reveals insensitivety or intolerance toward people who are gay, lesbian

oppressive language

often the words we use and how we speak can be derogatory towards others

offensive and derogatory language makes other people feel week or inferrior in relation to us

note that power can be also percepual

some cultures use direct language or indirect language

low context express ideas as clear as possible more on words

high context focus on harmony between people

Chapter 9 The Nature of Groups

Subtopic

What is Group

a small colletion of people whose members interact with each other, usually face to face, over time in order to reach goals

Interaction

Verbal

Non-Verbal

hypothetical classrom

?Does include professor

virtual group

getting together is fast and easy

The leveling of status differences

rank is much less prominent than when theu meet face to face

interdependence

ripple effect

can be positive or negetive

Time

! A collection of people who interact for a short while doesn't qualify as a group

exp. onlookers at fire building space

Size

from 3 to 7-20

optimal size for a group is the smallest number of people capable of performing the task at hand effectively

as group gets larger, three ingredients for dissatisfaction

schedule meetings

less sccess to information

few chances to participate

goal

not all group have goal

family or prison

types of goals

Individual Goals

individual motive

task orientation

social orientation(not always state)

sense of belonging

exercise influence over others

gain the liking of others

Group Goals

Hidden agenda

When the gap between individual and group goals is not public, the individual goal becomes hidden agenda

if match, no conflict

Type of Groups

Learning Groups

increase the knowledge or skill of each member

Problem-solving Groups

work to resolve a mutual concern of members

social groups

satisfy the social needs of each members

growth groups

teach member about themselves

Characteristics of Groups

Rules and Norms

Rule

guideline

norms

values

beliefs

behaviours

Group norms

social

relationship

procedual

how group work

task

how the job itselfshould be handled

Know the group norms to gain acceptance into group;
Help group operate more effectively

Identify

Look for common behaviours

Look for publishment

roles

Patterns of behaviour expected of members

Formal roles

assigned by an org or a group to establish order
Always come with a title

informal roles

rarely acknowledeged with a label

Task role

help accomplish its goal

social roles

help relationship smoothly

dysfunctional roles

Optimal balance (2:1)

?role emergence

role-releted problems and solutions

informal roles(task role, social role) go unfilled

overabundance informal roles

competition

! role fixation

performing a unnecessary role

Partterns of interaction

sociogram

topologies

all chanel network

chain network

information move sequentially from one member to another

not reliable because message can be changed

wheel network

a person becomes a hub
gatekeeper

managing messages

decition-making methods

Consensus

All people support and increase the qualityof decision
take much time, not suitable for emergencies

Majority rule

vote

Producing unhappy members
interior in quality

expert opinion

it can work well if the person is superior

Minority Control

form a committee and use less time

Maybe corrupt

Authority rule

! Very quick

may reduce effectiveness

Selecting a decision-making method

The type of rule

the importance of the decision

time available

Cultural Influences on group communication

Understanding the often subtle cultural factors

INdividualism VS collectivism

Individualism

responsibility to themselves
gain most of individual identity
self-esteem

People like producing and rewarding stars

collectivism

feel loyalties and obligations to the group

like team players

chapter 10 solving problems in groups

Advantages of group Problem-solving

more resource

more accuracy

commitment

When to use groups for problem soving

one people cannot handle

Task interdependent

Chapter 2 Perception, the Self, and Communication

Preceiving others

Narratives and Perception

Narratives: the stories people create and use to make sense og their personal worlds

Differing narrative can lead to problematic communication

Once people's perception have been defined

sense-making

reality in the workplace and elsewhere isn't 'out there'; rather, we create it with others through communication

Common perceptual Tendencies

we often judge ourselves more charitably than we judge others

we are influenced by what is most obvious

We cling to first impressions, Even if wrong

after we form an opinion of someone, we tend to hang on to it and make any conflicting information fit our image

We tend to assume that others are similar to us

we tend to favour negative impressions over positive ones

Situational factors influencing perception

relational satisfaction

degree of involvement with the other person

past experience

expectations

social roles

knowledge

self-consept

Perception and Culture

Empathy and Perception

Empathy is the ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the world from the other's point of view

Dimensions of wmpathy

perception-checking

Put youself on others to think

Perceiving the Self

it is a set of relatively stable perceptions that each of us holds about ourselves----------------like a mental mirror that reflects how we view ourselves

Communication and development of the self

Identity Management

Subtopic

Chapter 5 Non-verbal Communication

What is that

not verbal

express messages other words

sign language is consided by verbal

It is not non-verbal language

more truthful

less controlable

Some people are more express than others and thus
more likely to reveal their true intention

Some people are really good at controlling their nonverbal
displays and hiding their true intention

inconsistent verbal and nonverbal messages are likely
to confuse the receiver

Women are better at decording nonverbal messages

Micro emotions also reveal true intentions

Nonverbal cues and deception

Some professionals ared trained to detect liars -actors lawyers

High self-monitors are better at controlling their nonverbal displays and deceiving others

Low self-monitors are not ~~~~

Children look for inconsistency in verbal behavior

Adults took for inconsistant in nonverbal behaviour

Why focus on nonverbal

nonverbal message communicate feelings and attitudes

most significant source of emotional information is the face~~~

approximately 93% of emotional meaning is communicated nonverbal

The nature

Ambiguous

Comtinuous

Non linguistic

multi channelled

culture-bound

rule governed

Nonverbal Emotion

people express emotions for survival

some emotions are universal((heppy sa))

More complex emotions hard to express (((shame)))

type of nonverbal communicaton

Kinesics

body movement study

face and eyes. regulate conversation

demostrate interest and attraction, exhibit emotions

voice

tone of the language

detect interest, surprise, sarcasm, confusion, nervousness

touch

indicate relationship, status and intimacy

proximatics how people use space

intimate space --- 0 ---- 45

personal space -----45------1.2M

social space-----1.2M -----3.6M

public space 3.6++

chronemics

learn to stop

objective time

measure time

subjective time

territory

fixed space that an individual assumes some right to occupy

marked using objects

marked over time

gender differences

PD profit

inquiring green

characteristics

logical and rational

quality consious

improvement oriented

analytical and systematic

investigative and inquisitive

seeks the big picture

emotionally self-controlled

strategic thinker

innovative and ingenious

needs independene

requires private time

sets high expectations & standards

Subtopic