Type of
Type of
Type of
Type of Channel
Type of Channel
Type of Channel
Steps
Phosphorylation Cascade Process
Steps
Receptor
Receptor
step 1
step 3
step 1
step 3
NADH and FADH carry electrons
pyruvate enters mitochondria
Process
Local
Long Distance
Local
Communicates through
Communicates through
second law
first law
Example of
Present in
Type of Protein
Example of
Fluidity affected by
Type of
acetyl CoA
Type of
Type of Protein
coupled reaction
type of catabolic pathway
Function
Example of
Type of Integral
H+ going against the concentration gradient is an example of active transport
Type of
Fluidity affected by
Type of Protein
H+ going back down the concentration gradient is an example of facilitated diffusion
Physical Property
Type of Tail
Example
Type of Protein
Type of Channel
Example
Type of Tail
Example
Contains a

Biology Concept
Map #2

Energy Transfer

Enzymes

Cycle

Regulation of enzyme function

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Competitive Inhibitor

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and
transformed, but it cannot be
created or destroyed

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This law is also known as the principle of conservation of energy. The energy of the universe is constant. Organisms can’t recycle their energy because, during energy transformation, some energy is converted to thermal energy and is lost to the surroundings as heat and not available to do work.

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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A consequence of a loss of heat creates disorder in the universe. It is possible for order to increase locally, but the universe as a whole tends to disorder.

Entropy - a measure of disorder
in the universe

Cell
Communication/signaling

Physical
contact

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Eukaryotic cells can communicate through physical contact. Animal and Plant cells have junctions that connect them to neighboring cells. Animal cells have gap junctions while Plant cells have plasmodesmata. Molecules are able to move through these junctions from one cell to the other.

Junctions

Releasing
a signal

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Cells that are not close enough to touch each other, can communicate with signaling molecules (ligands). The signaling molecule then binds to a receptor protein.

Paracrine
Signaling

Hormonal
Signaling

Synaptic
Signaling

1) An action potential
arrives, and depolarizes
the presynaptic membrane

2) Voltage-Gated
channels open and
Ca ions enter the cell

3) The high Ca
concentration cause
neurotransmitters to
be released into the
synaptic cleft

4) The neurotransmitter
binds to ion channels. This
may allow Na and K ions to
diffuse through

cellular respiration

Step 1: Glycolysis

Step 2: Pyruvate Oxidation
and Citric Acid Cycle

Step 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation

chemiosmosis

H+ goes back down the
concentration gradient through
a membrane transfer protein

energy associated with the gradient is
used to add Pi to ADP to form ATP

output: 26-28 molecules of ATP

electron transport chain

energy is released as electrons
move down the chain

energy pumps H+ against
the concentration gradient into
the intermembrane space

pyruvate is oxidized;
forms acetyl CoA

input: 2 pyruvate
output: 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH

citric acid cycle

input: 2 acetyl CoA
output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

isocitrate is oxidized and NAD+ is
reduced (redox reaction) to form
a-ketoglutarate

acetyl CoA adds its 2-carbon group
to oxaloacetate to form citrate;
highly exergonic reaction

occurs in the cytoplasm,
outside of the mitochondria

input: glucose, 2 ATP
output: 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

breaks down glucose into
2 molecules of pyruvate

phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to the opposite end of the sugar, forming fructose 1,6-biphosphate

hexokinase transfers phosphate
group from ATP to glucose to form glucose-6 phosphate

Cell Membranes

Phospholipid Bilayer
Each phospholipid has a hydrophobic fatty acid tail and a hydrophilic head (due to the presence of a phosphate group). They are amphipathic molecules.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid Tail
Lipids are not tightly packed
and can move in the membrane

Saturated Fatty Acid Tail
Lipids are tightly packed
and cannot move

Temperature
Above a temperature, the lipid is fluid.
Below, the lipid is in a gel phase and rigid.

Cholesterol
Presence between phospholipids around 37°C, movement is reduced. At low temperatures, packing is prevented.

Proteins
Some anchored, some
move and drift

Peripheral Proteins
Anchored to the membrane

Integral Proteins
Partially or Fully Inserted

Transmembrane Protein
Fully inserted and spans the entire membrane with parts inside and outside of the cell. N-terminus (amino) & C-terminus (carboxyl terminus)

G protein couple receptor

G Protein

Enzyme

Signaling Molecule

Plasma Membranes are
selectively permeable

Hydrophobic molecules can easily cross
the membrane while polar molecules do not

Polarity and size determines whether it can cross rapidly, slowly, or not even at all.

Types of Transport

Passive Transport
Diffusion of a substance across
a membrane with no energy investment

Signal
Molecule
Binding

Membrane
Receptor

Step 1: Reception

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Reception is the process in which a signal molecule is received. A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein which causes it to change shape. Polar signal molecules are the ones that bind to membrane receptors.

Step 2: Transduction

Step 3: Response

Protein
Kinase 1
Activated

Kinase 1
Activates
Kinase 2

Kinase 2
Phosphorylates
a protein

Protein
Phosphatase
removes
Phosphate group
from Kinases

Intracellular
Receptor

Step 1: Signal
molecule passes
through membrane

r

A signaling molecule that is released by a different cell goes through the membrane. The membrane, phospholipid bilayer only allows nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules to go through.

Step 2: Signal
molecule binds
to receptor protein

r

Once the signal molecule goes through the membrane, it binds to the receptor protein and activates it. When it is activated, the protein changes shape.

Step 3: Signal-Receptor
complex enters the
nucleus

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Once the signaling molecule binds to the receptor protein, the protein enters the nucleus and starts to activate the genes that control water and sodium flow.

Step 4: Protein prompts
transcription of gene
into mRNA

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The protein that is bound to DNA starts the transcription of a specific gene into mRNA.

Step 5: mRNA is
translate into a
specific protein

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The mRNA is transcribed and a gene is expressed to create a protein.

Signal molecule is
nonpolar/hydrophobic

Diffusion
The tendency for molecules to spread out,
moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration until it's equal on both sides.

Tonicity
Ability of a solution to cause a cell to
lose or gain water

Isotonic
Solute concentration is the same
inside and outside of the cell.

Hypertonic
Solute concentration is greater
on the outside of the cell.

Hypotonic
Solute concentration is greater
on the inside of the cell.

*Animal cells are best in an
isotonic environment

*Plant cells are best in a
hypotonic environment (turgid)

Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport but
aided by proteins

Aquaporin transports water across the
membrane. The amino acids with polar R goups make up the interior of the protein while the exterior part of the protein is made up of amino acids with non polar R groups.

Channel Proteins
Provide channels that allow a
specific molecule to cross

Ligand-gated
Open and close when
a neurotransmitter binds
to the channel

Voltage-gated
Open and close in response
to changes in membrane potential

Stretch-gated
When the membrane
is deformed

Carrier Protein
Undergo a change in shape that
moves the solute across. Typically triggered by the binding and release of the molecule.

Ungated
Always Open

Active Transport
Needs energy to transport molecules
from low to high concentration

Bulk Transport
Large molecules like polysaccharides
and proteins cross the membrane
through vesicles

Electrogenic Pump
Proteins or pumps that create
a voltage difference across membranes. The energy harvested can be used for cellular work

Na+/K+ Pumps
&
Proton Pumps

Cotransport
When the active transport of a solute
drives the transport of other substances.

Sucrose being transported against
the concentration gradients uses energy created from the movement of H+ ions down the concentration gradient

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis
The cell engulfs large
food particles/other cells by
extending part of the membrane

Pinocytosis
The cell takes in extracellular
fluid from the outside through vesicles

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Specialized pinocytosis that allows the
cell to acquire bulk amounts of specific substances

ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is an organic compound that provides energy to support many processes in cells.

Energy is stored in the bonds between phosphate gorups of the ATP molecule.

When ATP is broken down to ADP, energy is released.

When ADP and phosphate are joined to form ATP, energy is stored again.

Metabolism

Metabolic Pathways

Chemical reactions in the body that change food into energy.

Anabolic

pathways that consume energy to
build larger, more complicated
molecules from simpler ones

Catabolic

Pathways that release energy by
breaking down complex molecules
into simpler compounds