loses
Dehydrated into
reduces
Releases
Oxidized into
Releases
Substrate level Phosphorlyation
Reduces
Releases
Oxidized into
Reduces
Releases
Oxidized into
Reguated by
rearranged into
Releases
Reduces
makes
Combine
what
how
function
Reaction Type
Occurs in
Role
Pumps Protons into
Produces
Moves
Not as good at Donating electrons
Produces
Moves
Good at Donating electrons
drives
and
creates
and
regenerates
ORDER
e- Carrier
e- Carrier
3 Key Steps
Occurs in
Reaction Type
Second
First
Input
2 Cycles
2 Cycles
2 cycles
2 cycles
Occurs in
Reaction Type
(Acetyl CoA) Input
then
First
Carries Pyruvate from
Reaction Type
occurs in
occurs
involves
produces
both
both
occurs
involves
occurs in
both
producdes
2 types
2 types
other use
and
NET
and
and
Input
End Products
Phosphorylated into
Rearranged into
Dehydration (H2O lost)
Reduced to
Oxidized to
Converted to
Phosphorylated into
Rearranged into
Dehydration (H2O lost)
Reduced to
Oxidized to
Clevage
Clevage
breaks into
produces
uses
amount
how
via gluconeogenisis
fatty acids
glycerol
breakdown of
Availability of Oxygen
Concentration of Nutrients
Temperature
changed by an enzyme into
Phosphorylated by Hexokinase into
regulated by
Occurs in
Energy Investment
Reaction Type
Inputs
Phosphorylated by PFK into
and
Pumps Protons into
flows into
through
both
Input
both
carried by electron carrier to
Input
both
Pumps Protons into
then
Oxidized into
End Products
through
4 Protons = 1 ATP
Electron Carriers

2 ATP

Glycolysis

Anaerobic

Glucose

G6P

F6P

Cytoplasm

PFK

after energy investment

Build up of ATP
inhibits PFK

Buildup of ADP
activated PFK

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Factors affecting rate of respiration

higher temp= faster reaction rates

Higher Concentration = faster reaction rate
Will reach a point of saturation
where it will be at peak production

Cycle is dependent on oxygen
needs it to drive the ETC (EN)

Alternatives to Glucose
Catabolism

Lipid Catabolism

triglycerides into glycerol
and fatty acids

2 glycerol molecules
can combine to form 2 things:

2 DHAP which then
turn into G3P

Glucose

enter mitochondrial matrix
undergo B-oxidation to become
acetyl-CoA

2 C acetyl group removed
binds with CoA to make Acetyl-CoA

12-C fatty acid could produce
6 Acetyl-CoA molecules

1 ATP

1 NADH
1 FADH2

Protein Catabolism

Occurs in Liver

amino acids
through hydrolysis

can enter through
different stages

Other Carbohydrates

Glucose

F16BP

G3P

BPG

3PG

2PG

PEP

Pyruvate

DHAP

G3P

BPG

3PG

2PG

PEP

Pyruvate

4 ATP

2 NADH

2 Water

2 ATP

2 Pyruvate

Fermentation

Alcohol

Pyruvate converted
into ethanol and CO2

Occurs in
Yeast

Microorganisms

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Mainly in Plants

Anaerobic

Lactate

Pyruvate
Decarboxylase

Pyruvate converted
into lactic acid and energy

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Mainly in Animals

Muscle Cells

Pyruvate Oxidation

Aerobic

Cytoplasm into Matrix

Pyruvate enters
Mitochondria
via transport protein

Energy Harvesting

Pyruvate is decarboxylated
and CO2 is released
it now has 2 Carbons

Coenzyme A is attached
to make Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle

Aerobic

Mitochondria
Matrix

2 Cycle per Glucose

Products

4 CO2

2 ATP

6 NADH

Oxidative Phosphorylation

2 Steps

Electron Transport
Chain

Aerobic

Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane

Delivery of Electrons
by NADH and FADH2

NAD+ & FAD

Electron Transfer
& Proton Pumping

Electrochemical
Gradient

Splitting of Oxygen
to form Water

Movement of
Electrons

NADH

Goes through
Complex's 1, 3, 4

10 Protons

2.5 ATP

FAD2

Goes through
Complex's 2, 3, 4

6 Protons

1.5 ATP

Complex I

Complex II

Coenzyme Q

Complex III

Cytochrome C

Complex IV

Oxygen

Electronegative, Drives ETC.
Removes 2 electrons from
Complex IV and 2 Protons from
the matrix (this makes water)

Intermembrane
Space

Chemiosmosis

Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane

Aerobic

Pumps protons from inner
membrane back down the (H+)
gradient which results in the
making of ATP through ATP
synthase.

ATP SYNTHASE

As protons move down
the gradient ADP is turned
into ATP.

Production of ATP
is called Oxidative
Phosphorylation

Transport
Protein

Final Step of
Cellular Respiration

NADH

Accepts 2
electrons

Accepts 2
protons

FADH2

Accepts 2
electrons

Accepts 2
protons

2 FADH2

NAD+ is reduced
into NADH

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

CoA and H2O

Isocitrate

a - Ketoglutarate

CO2

NAD+ into
NADH

Succinyl-CoA

CO2

Coenzyme A is added

NAD+ into
NADH

Succinate

CoA

Fumarate

FAD into FADH2

Malate

H2O

ATP

PFK

Buildup of Citrate
inhibits PFK (stops it)

NAD+ into
NADH

STARTS AND
ENDS HERE