Concept Map Group 28

Macromolecules

NUCLEIC ACIDS

made up of monomers called nucleotides

nucleotides contain phosphate group, 5-carbon, nitrogenous base

phosphodiester linkage between nucleotides

DNA + RNA

DNA provides directions for its own replication + directs synthesis of mRNA

CARBOHYDRATES

monomers = monosaccharides

covalent bonds between monosaccharides = glycosidic linkages

storage (e.g. glycogen, starch, dextran)

Cells!!

Cytoplasm, DNA/RNA, Membrane, Ribosomes

Eukaryotes

Cell Wall (if any) made of cellulose (or chitin in fungus)

Membrane Bound Organelles

Prokaryotes (Archaea & Bacteria)

Plasmids - genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes.

Capsules- Helps prokaryotes cling to each other and to various surfaces in their environment

Cytoplasm- Gel-like substance that is a medium for chemical reactions in cell

DNA/RNA - Genetic material that's responsible for longterm storage of cellular information

Cellular Membrane- Semi-permeable barrier that allows essential molecules into the cell for use

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A type of lipid, one of the most important components of biochemistry

Major component of the cell membrane

responsible for dynamic membrane fluctuations

Membranes have saturated and unsaturated fatty acids to maintain the proper amount of fluidity

impart selective permeability

they control the movement of molecules across the cell membrane

Hydrophobic behavior ^

Soluble in non polar solvents

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol

glycerol attaches to a phosphate group

Exhibits negative charge within cell

polar hydrophilic head

hydrophilic because of the phosphate group

Non polar hydrophobic tails

The type of hydrocarbon tails effects the plasma membrane fluidity

Bilayer forms by self assembly when contact is made with water

Tails point inside

Shielded from external environment

hydrophilic heads make all contact with the solution

Form because of their amphiphilic characteristics

acts as a barrier to protect the cell

Self-assembly is a characteristic feature

Each phospholipid has a specific transition temperature

goes into a liquid crystalline phase when the temperature is exceeded

phospholipids move rapidly when fluid

movement is reduced as temperature decreases

when this happens the membrane becomes more gel-like.

movement in membranes is regulated by the cholesterol in membranes

linked to signal transductions

& organelle functions

& physiological processes

& human diseases

imperative for cell life

PROTEINS^

Primary

Intramolecular Bonds: Covalent

Uses main chain to form bonds

Polypeptide

Secondary

Beta Plated Sheets

Alpha helices

Tertiary

Folds through interaction of R groups

Non Polar Bonds

Hydrophobic interactions

Polar Bonds

Acidic

Hydrophilic

Basic

Ion dipole: Complete positive charge with water bond

Forms final 3D shape

Quaternary

Two polypeptides in tertiary level, interacting with R groups

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Enzyme

Protection against disease

Subtopic

Storage of amino acids

Transports of substances

Carrier proteins

Coordination of an organism's activities

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Amino Acids: monomer in proteins

Amino group

Carboxyl group

R Group

Hydrogen

No Membrane Bound Nucleus

Chromosomes are Circular and float around in cytoplasm instead of a nucleus.

Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan (In Bacteria)

Membrane Bound Nucleus

Ribosomes Function - Synthesizing proteins

Animal

Same Organelles in Both Types of Eukaryotes & Their Functions

Vacuole- Hold important organic materials or hold waste materials inside of cell's

Smooth ER- Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies cells

Rough ER- Ribosomes attached to wall that synthesize proteins

Mitochondria- Responsible for making ATP and is double-membraned and has its own DNA

Plant

Chloroplast- convert light energy into chemical energy via the photosynthetic process, contains plastids, and has its own DNA.

Endosymbiotic Theory- The beginning of eukaryotic cells organelle. Such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes that were consumed and formed a symbiotic with the cell that ate them. This is supported by the fact that Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own separate DNA

Central Vacuole- Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a large vacuole in the middle of the cell that holds a large amount of water.

Nucleus- Hold's genetic info, keep DNA integrity, and conduct replication & transcription

Cell Wall- Holds the plants together when exposed to hypotonic solutions that would otherwise burst the cell, making it 'turgid.'

Lysosome- digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.