English Grammar

Positive

Subject + have/has + v3 + object

Negative

Subject + have/has + not + v3 + object

Interrogative

Have/has + subject + v3 + object +?

Example

Positive

I have bought a ticket for every game this season

Negative

She has not watched 'Titanic' yet.

Interrogative

Have you had fun today?

Structure

Positive

Subject + to be + base + ing

Negative

Subject + to be + not + base + ing

Interrogative

Am/is/are subject + verb (ing) + pbject + ?

Use

An ongoinf action,

Events

Something that has happened around us

Example

Positive

She is talking.

Negative

She is not (isn't) talking

Interrogative

Are you dancing?

Structure

Positive

3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

Negative

do/does + not + infinitive of the verb

Interrogative

Do/does + he/she/it/I/we/you/they + verb + ?

Use

Regular actions

Actions that are happening now

Schedules

Habits

Facts

Instructions

Example

Positive

She plays with a ball.

Negative

She does not play with a ball.

Interrogative

Does Jack play football?

Use

Are used together with main verbs to represent the ability, possibility and probability of a subject to perform an action and to emphasize the necessity of an action.

Something that is

Necessary

Advisable

Permissible

Possible

Probable

Expressing necessity

Be able

Can

Could

Be going to

Will

Shall

Be supposed to

Had better

Have to

Must

Gave got to

Must

Expressing necessity 0.2

Present

Must

Have

Have got

Past

Had to

Lack of necessity

Not have to

Prohibition

Must

Musn't

Advisability

Present

Should

Shouldn't

Oght to

Past

Had better

Had better not

Should have + V past + participle

Example

Shall I make some tea for you

Use

To connect an independent clause to a relative clause

To provide more information about the subject it relates to

Who, whom, whose, that and which

Example

Sheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker

Use

Modifies a noun

Provides more information about it

Types

Defining clauses

Essential information

We do NOT use commas around them

If there’s a subject after the pronoun, we can eliminate the pronoun

Not-defining clauses

Extra information

We use commas around them

We always use a relative pronoun

Never use THAT

Examples

The reason why Jane was crying is unknown.

Use

They provide more information

Time

Place

Reason

Connect the relative clause to the main clause.

Example

When

Refers to a time

The day when we met was unforgettable.

Why

I understand the reason why she was upset.

Where

Refers to a place, information about location

The house where I grew up is now a museum.

Structure

Base Form of Verb] (+ Optional Subject) (+ Optional Modifier)

Example

Close the door

Tenses

Perfect

For action that will happen/be completed by a certain time in the future

Simple

For things we thing or believe will happen in the future

Continous

To talk about situations or actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future

perfect continous

To talk the duration of a situation until a certain time un the future

Example

Perfect

She'll write the e-mail after lunch

Simple

He will be 50 next month.

Continous

We’ll be coming next weekend.

Perfect sontinous

By the end of the year, she will have been working on the publication for over ten years.

Structure

Positive

Subject + Will + Base form of the verb.

Negative

Subject + Will not/Won’t + Base form of the verb.

Interrogative

Will + Subject + Base form of the verb.

Won’t + Subject + Base form of the verb

Use

To talk about something that will happend

Example

I will play tennis.

Use

A

Before nouns that begin with a consonant sound.

An

Before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.

The

To specify a particular noun.

Example

A

A car

An

An apple

The

The book on the table

Present

Structure

Positive

Subject + am /ist/are + verb in past participle

Negative

Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb in past participle

Interrogative

Am/is/are + subject + past participle verb

Use

When we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than the subject.

Example

Positive

The car isn't washed every week.

Negative

A lot of cod is caught in the North Atlantic.

Interrogative

Is this painting drawn by you?

Past

Structure

Positive

Subject + was/were + past participle verb

Negative

Subject + wasn't/were n't+ past participle verb

Interrogative

Was/Were + subject + past participle verb

Use

Depends on the subject of the sentence. For singular subjects (he, she, it), "was" is used. For plural subjects (we, you, they), "were" is used

Structure

S + verb + to + verb ing + cmp + .

Example

She's learning to play the piano in her school.

Use

To talk about actions that were completed in the past before the present.

Structure

Positive

Subject + verb + ed

Did + subject+ infinitive

Negative

Subject + did not + infinitive

Did not + subject + infinitive

Example

My father died last year.

Structure

Positive

S + was/were + verb (ing) + object

S + was/were + not + verb (ing) + object

interrogative

Was/were + S + verb (ing) + object?

Use

Past habits

Past action / interrupted

Background for a story

Ongoing actions

Example

They were eating at the restaurant.

Use

Action before another action started

Also use “before”

Action

Was not done

Structure

Positive

S + had + verb (past participle) +complement

Negative

S + had + not + verb (past participle) +complement

Interrogative

Had + S + verb (past participle) + complement?

Example

Positive

The film had started before we arrived.

Negative

They hadn't finished their homework

Interrogative

Had he studied for the test?

Use

To talk about the cause of something in the past.

Structure

Positive

S + had + been + v-ing + .

S+ had not/hadn´t + been + v-ing + .

Interrogative

Had + S + been + v-ing + ?

Example

Helen had been listening the same music for 4 hours

Use

to describe a possible situation

Use

To regret something

Use

Repeated past actions that don't happen any more.

Structure

Positive

S + would + main verb base + .

Negative

S+ would not/ wouldn’t + main verb base + .

Interrogative

Would + S + main verb base + ?

Example

When I was young I would play tennis.

Use

No longer true actions

Repeated actions

State a situation

Structure

Positive

S + used to + inf. verb .

Negative

S + didn’t/did not + use to + m. verb

Interrogative

Did/Didn’t + use to + m. verb

Example

We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.

Use

verb - other verb

different verbs

both - meaning (different)

Structure

S + verb + verb -ing + cmp + .

Example

both - meaning (different)

Use

Modifies, describes, or introduces a noun.

Types

Definite and indefinite articles

Demonstrative determiners

Possessive determiners

Determiners of difference

Numbers

Distributive determiners

Interrogative determiners

Subtopic

Quantifiers

Example

Definite and indefinite articles

The moon looks beautiful tonight.

Demonstrative determiners

I don’t want to sit at this table. I want that table near the window.

Possessive determiners

Penelope brought her cat to the vet.

Determiners of difference

Other shoes might match your outfit better.

Numbers

Cardinal numbers|I’m close with my four siblings.

Distributive determiner

Each employee was given a raise

Interrogative determiners

What height is the Empire State Building?

Quantifiers

There are already several people waiting for a table at this restaurant.

Use

Replace nouns to make sentences less repetitive and more concise.

To avoid redundancy, and improve communication.

Types

Personal

He

She

They

Possesive

His

Her

Their

Demostrative

This

That

Those

Reflexive

Myself

Herself

Themselves

Interrogative

Who

What

Which

Indefinited

Everyone

Nobody

All

Use

To identify something

Types

Common

Prpper

Singular

PLural

Contable

Uncountable

Concrete

Abstract

Collective