Grammar Topics

Past Simple

Subject+verb+ed

Subject+did not+infinitive without to

Did+subject+infinitive without to?

What Is?

The simple past tense, according to the Cambridge Dictionary, is defined as “the form of a verb used to describe an action that happened before the present time and is no longer happening

Past Continuous

What is?

The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, describes ongoing actions in the past

Structure

Subject+was/were+verb in ing+object

Subject+was/were+not+verb in ing+object

Was/Were+subject+verb in ing+object?

Past Perfect

What is?

The past perfect is used in the same way as the present perfect, but it refers to a time in the past, not the present.

Structure

S+had+past participle+object

S+had not+past partciple+object

Had+S+past partciple+object?

Future going to & Will

What is?

Will is used when referring to the future with certainty and for recent, rapid decisions. Going to is used to refer to events that have been previously planned.

Structure

Will: SUBJECT+ Will+ infinitive + complement

Going to: SUBJECT+ AM/IS/ARE+ going to+ infinitive

Condiotnal 0

What is?

A type of conditional sentence that expresses a general truth or fact, where the result is always true when the condition is met

Structure

If+present simple,...Present simple

Conditional 1

What is?

The first conditional is a type of if-else statement in English that allows you to express a possible scenario or condition and its possible consequences.

Structure

If+present simple+will/wont+infinitive

Conditional 2

What is?

The second conditional is the one we use when we talk about things, usually unreal, that are very unlikely to happen.

Structure

past simple+would+verb

Conditional 3

What is?

The type 3 conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past

Structure

If+past perfect,perfect conditional

Modals

Ability

An ability modal, such as "can," "could," or "be able to," is used in English to indicate a person's capacity or capability to perform a specific action or task

Advice

The modal verb of advice is "should." It indicates a recommendation or suggestion

Possibility

Is used to express events or situations that are possible to happen but its not sure that it can occur.

Obligation

Obligation has to types of modals:
must
have to
should
the porpose of it is to gave a person or obligate a person to do something

Permission-can

This modal is used to express the ability to ask for a confirmation to do something or capacity to do something

What is?

Is a gramtical structure used when we don't want to emphasize who or what performs the action, but rather emphasize who or what receives it

Active Voice Structure

Subject+verb+object

Passive Voice Structure

Object+verb+subject

What is?

An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb

To infinitive

The to-infinitive = to + base

Zero infinitive

The zero infinitive = base

Examples

To sit

To eat

Sit

Eat

What is?

Determiners are words or a group of words that precede a noun and help specify what the noun refers to

Demostrative

These indicate specific items in space or time. For example, "this," "that," "these," and "those."

Quantifiers

These indicate the quantity of a noun. Examples include "some," "many," "few," and "several."

Possessive

These show ownership. They are similar to possessive pronouns and include words like "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their."

Interrogative

These are used in questions to ask about specific items. For example, "which" and "whose."

Numbers

Numerals like "one," "two," "three,

Article

Articles are a type of determiner.

What is?

Nouns are words used to name people, places, things or ideas

Common

They are nouns that are used to refer to people, places or things in general

Proper

These are nouns that are used to name a specific entity or person.

Countable

Countable nouns can be counted individually

Uncountable

Countable and uncountable nouns: , while uncountable nouns cannot be counted in the same way.

What is?

Pronouns are words that replace nouns

Subject personal pronouns

These act as the subject of the sentence.
Examples include "I", "you", "he", "she", "we", "they"

Personal object pronouns

These are used as the object of the action in the sentence.
Examples:me, you, him, her, it, us, them.

What is?

Articles are a type of determiner in English grammar that are used to specify whether a noun is definite or indefinite

Definitive

The is the definitive article.
It is used before specific nouns. For example, "The car is red."

Indefinitive

A" and "an" are the indefinite articles.
"A" is used before nouns that start with consonant sounds, while "an" is used before nouns that start with vowel sounds. For example, "A dog barks" and "An apple is red."

Structure

[Article] + [Noun]

What is?

Relative clauses are subordinate clauses that provide additional information about a noun in the main clause.

Relative Pronouns and Their Usage

Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) are used to connect relative clauses to the nouns they modify.

Common Errors and Tips

Watch out for misplaced or dangling modifiers, ensuring the relative clause clearly refers to the intended noun

What is?

Relative pronouns are words that introduce relative clauses. These clauses provide more information about a noun and are connected to the main sentence

Types of Relative Pronouns

Who" and "whom" refer to people. For instance, "The friend whom I invited is coming."

Which" refers to animals and things. For example, "The book which is on the table is mine."

That" can refer to people, animals, or things. For instance, "The car that I bought is red."

Whose" indicates possession and can refer to people or things. For example, "The man whose wallet was lost has found it."

Function in Sentences

Relative pronouns are used to join two sentences or phrases where one describes or identifies the noun in the other.

What is?

Adverbs are a type of word that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Types

Adverbs of manner: These adverbs describe how an action is done. For example, in the sentence "She sings beautifully," the adverb "beautifully" describes how she sings.

Adverbs of manner: These adverbs describe how an action is done. For example, in the sentence "She sings beautifully," the adverb "beautifully" describes how she sings.